Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is the most common sleep disordered. In Spain, 3-6% of the population have symptoms of snore with 24-26% of them were above AHI ≥5 and were diagnosed with OSAS [1]. OSAS is characterized by recurrent partial or complete upper airway obstruction resulting in a hypoxia-reoxygenation cycle and arousals during sleep.Hypoxia, the main factor in thepathogenesis, leads to increased hypercapnia and intrathoracic pressure, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, deterioration of cerebral blood flow, elevation of blood pressure and disturbance of sleep. This results inadequate sleep, abnormal motor activity, headache and fatigue [2]. Because of all these metabolic changes, endothelial dysfunction occurs and there is an increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.Tachycardia or rhythm disturbances may occur during sleep [3]. PSG is the gold standard test in OSAS diagnosis. The disease grade is classified according to the AHI values in the polysomnography report. Thosewith AHI ≤ 5 areconsidered as simplesnoring, AHI: 5-14.9 aremild OSAS, thosewith AHI: 15-29.9 aremoderate OSAS, thosewith AHI ≥30 are severe OSAS [4].RDW shows irregularities between the shapes of erythrocytes.Oxidative stress caused by hypoxia causes irregularity in erythrocyte morphology. In systemic diseases such as iron deficiency anemi, folic acid deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency and chronic liver disease, RDW levels increase because of oxidative stress [5]. High RDW values are an important biomarker of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity risk, before myocardial infarction [6,7]. Given the inflammatory nature of OSAS, it is thought to be associated with RDW.The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between RDW and AHI in patients with OSAS and to determine whether RDW could be a predictor of disease severity before PSG.
Aim: The aim of this study; to investigate whether traditional Turkish music education is as effective on voice range profile and voice quality as classical music education.
Methods: Twenty volunteers in the Conservatory and 10 volunteers the Turkish Amateur Music Choir were included in the study. Digital recordings of the subjects’ voices were obtained before and after 8 months of voice training. Voice recordings were analyzed with the Dr. Speech voice analysis program. Voice analysis results were compared between groups.
Results: Voice range profile was found expanded as 3, 2, and 5 semitones in group 1 (29 to 32 semitones), group 2 (30 to 32 semitones) and group 3 (23 to 28 semitones), respectively. The parameters of harmonic component of voice such as HNR, SNR, and NNE improved in all groups after voice training. GRBAS scores were normal in the conservatory group before training and improved following training in all groups, with the amateur group being the most obvious. When the alterations were compared between the groups, no significant differences were observed between the first and second conservatory groups, whereas a significant difference was observed between the amateur group and the first and second conservatory groups in seven parameters (amplitude tremor, HNR, SNR, NNE and GRBAS).
Conclusions: This is the first study about the effects of traditional Turkish music education on subjective and objective parameters of the singing voice. Our research shows that traditional Turkish music education improved the singing voice improvements as much as with classical music.
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