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Objectives/Hypothesis The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the cochlea and the potential dose‐dependent effects of resveratrol (RSV) against diabetes mellitus (DM) ototoxicity. Study Design Animal model. Methods Twenty‐four male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Baseline distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) measurements were evaluated. Group I was the control group, group II was made diabetic with single‐dose streptozotocin, and groups III and IV were rendered diabetic as group II and administered 10 and 20 mg RSV, respectively, intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. All animals were sacrificed after repeated DPOAE measurement. Apoptosis was investigated using caspase‐3, Bax (Bcl‐associated X protein), and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) staining. Results The DPOAE values in the diabetic group were found to be significantly lower compared with the other groups at 5,714 Hz and 8,000 Hz (P < .05). No significant difference in otoacoustic emission was detected in the comparison of the RSV doses (P > .05). The histopathologic investigation using caspase‐3, Bax, and TUNEL staining showed that the mean rank of the diabetic group was significantly higher compared with the RSV10, RSV20, and control groups (DM > RSV10 > RSV20 > control) (P < .05). Conclusions These results imply that RSV administration offered statistically significant protection for the cochleas of rats against diabetes. This protective effect improved histologically with higher doses. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 129:E1–E6, 2019

IntroductionAdenoids are pyramid-shaped enlarged masses of lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx (1), and they form an important part of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring. Although the adenoids are very small at birth, they may exhibit growth in the first 4 years of life, depending on the development of the immune system (2).The incidence of adenoid hypertrophy is 2%-3% in children (2). Untreated adenoid hypertrophy may lead to difficulty in breathing through the nose, snoring, sleep apnea, nasal speech, ear problems, growth retardation, and craniofacial anomalies (1,2). Various methods are used for the diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy including lateral head radiography, videofluoroscopy, palpation, and nasal endoscopy; the most recent methods are lateral radiographs and nasal endoscopy (3).Adenoidectomy is a commonly performed procedure in children that may cause complications such as early or late bleeding (4%-5%), adenoid tissue recurrence (10%-20%), and postoperative respiratory problems (27%) (2). In addition, anesthesia risks are also among the factors that should be taken into account (4). As such, medical therapy alternatives to adenoidectomy are important and must be tried before surgery.Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators found in the respiratory system and these play a role in several allergic childhood diseases (5). Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 mediates the inflammatory pathway and has been found in high rates in postoperative adenotonsillar tissues in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea (6-8). Montelukast is an effective and reliable cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist that can be used in oral form and has high bioavailability. It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for preventive therapy against the inflammatory component in asthma and allergic rhinitis in children aged over 1 year. Background/aim: The incidence of adenoid hypertrophy is 2%-3% in children. Adenoidectomy is a commonly performed procedure in children that may cause complications such as early or late bleeding (4%-5%), recurrence of adenoid tissue (10%-20%), and postoperative respiratory problems (27%). Therefore, medical therapy alternatives to adenoidectomy are important and must be tried before surgery. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of mometasone furoate, montelukast, and a combination of these drugs in pediatric patients with adenoid hypertrophy who were scheduled for reduction with medical therapy after not being recommended for surgery. Materials and methods:The study included 120 children with adenoid hypertrophy aged between 4 and 10 years. The patients were randomized into 4 separate groups, with 30 in each group. Group 1 received 100 µg of mometasone furoate per day, group 2 received 4/5 mg (for age) montelukast per day, and group 3 received mometasone furoate + montelukast. Medical therapy continued for 3 months in the treatment groups. Group 4, which comprised patients with mild symptoms, received no treatment and was the control group. The pre-and posttreatment ...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes ototoxicity by inducing oxidative stress, microangiopathy, and apoptosis in the cochlear sensory hair cells. The natural anti-oxidant pterostilbene (PTS) (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystylbene) has been reported to relieve oxidative stress and apoptosis in DM, but its role in diabetic-induced ototoxicity is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dose-dependent PTS on the cochlear cells of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The study included 30 albino male Wistar rats that were randomized into five groups: non-diabetic control (Control), diabetic control (DM), and diabetic rats treated with intraperitoneal PTS at 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg/day during the four-week experimental period (DM + PTS10, DM + PTS20, and DM + PTS40). Distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) tests were performed at the beginning and end of the study. At the end of the experimental period, apoptosis in the rat cochlea was investigated using caspase-8, cytochrome-c, and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin end labeling (TUNEL). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the mRNA expression levels of the following genes: CASP-3, BCL-associated X protein (BAX), and BCL-2. Body weight, blood glucose, serum insulin, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the rat groups were evaluated. The mean DPOAE amplitude in the DM group was significantly lower than the means of the other groups (0.9-8 kHz; P < 0.001 for all). A dosedependent increase of the mean DPOAE amplitudes was observed with PTS treatment (P < 0.05 for all). The Caspase-8 and Cytochrome-c protein expressions and the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the hair cells of the Corti organs of the DM rat group were significantly higher than those of the PTS treatment and control groups (DM > DM + PTS10 > DM + PTS20 > DM + PTS40 > Control; P < 0.05 for all). PTS treatment also reduced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner by increasing the mRNA expression of the anti-apoptosis BCL2 gene and by decreasing the mRNA expressions of both the pro-apoptosis BAX gene and its effector CASP-3 and the ratio of BAX/BCL-2 in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05 compared to DM for all). PTS treatment significantly improved the metabolic parameters of the diabetic rats, such as body weight, blood glucose, serum insulin, and MDA levels,

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Objectives: This study aims to classify septal deviations according to the Mladina classification and to investigate the relationship between concha bullosa and septal deviation. Patients and Methods:A total of 407 patients (229 males, 178 females; mean age 30.9±13.3 years; range 14 to 69 years) who admitted to our clinic with nasal obstruction, were identified to have deviation, and detected to have concha bullosa on computed tomography were included in the study. Patients' age, gender, type of deviation according to the Mladina classification, side of deviation, side of concha bullosa and the dominant side in bilateral cases were recorded.Results: Rate of type 3 septal deviation (34.4%) was higher than the other septal deviation types. We detected that septal deviation in patients of concha bullosa was to the opposite side at a rate of 83% and the deviations were type 3 at a rate of 47%. Conclusion:Concha bullosa may cause septal deviation, while septal deviation may cause concha bullosa as well. Both conditions affect each other physically. The fact that type 3 deviation is seen more frequently in this combination supports this finding.Keywords: Concha bullosa; Mladina classification; septal deviation. ÖZAmaç: Bu çalışmada septum deviasyonları Mladina sınıflamasına göre sınıflandırıldı ve konka bülloza ile septum deviasyonu arasındaki ilişki araştırıldı. Hastalar ve Yöntemler:Kliniğimize burun tıkanıklığı ile başvuran, deviasyon saptanan ve bilgisayarlı tomografisinde konka bülloza bulunan 407 hasta (229 erkek, 178 kadın; ort. yaş 30.9±13.3 yıl; dağılım 14-69 yıl) çalışmaya alındı. Hastaların yaşı, cinsiyeti, Mladina sınıflamasına göre septum deviasyon tipi, deviasyon tarafı, konka bülloza tarafı ve iki taraflı olgularda dominant taraf kaydedildi. Bulgular: Tip 3 septum deviasyonu oranı (%34.4) diğer septal deviasyon tiplerinden daha yüksekti. Konka bülloza hastalarındaki septum deviasyonunun %83 oranında karşı tarafa ve deviasyonların %47 oranında tip 3 olduğu saptandı.Sonuç: Konka bülloza septum deviasyonuna neden olabilirken septum deviasyonu da konka büllozaya neden olabilir. Her iki durum birbirini fiziksel olarak etkilemektedir. Tip 3 deviasyonun bu kombinasyonda daha sık görülmesi bu bulguyu destekler niteliktedir.Anahtar Sözcükler: Konka bülloza; Mladina sınıflaması; septum deviasyonu.

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