Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most severe public health problem affecting both sexes but females are more susceptible due to the differences in urogenital and reproductive anatomy, physiology and lifestyle. As in UTI, different parts of the urinary tract are affected and morbidity due to UTI is more common in women of all ages and older men. Due to multi-drug resistant strains and high recurrence rate, UTI has become a major socioeconomic burden. The current review article was aimed to describe the natural therapeutic strategies to manage and cure the UTI. For this purpose, different databases including Google Scholar, Cochrane database, and PubMed etc. were explored. Inclusion criteria were any research article investigating the current therapy of UTI. It was found that microbial infections including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella species are the major causes of UTI with different signs and symptoms including painful urination or dysuria, hematuria, urinary urgency, burning micturition, frequent urination, nausea, and vomiting. Antibiotics like trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, quinolone etc. as the first choice of the drug are used worldwide. However, due to microbial resistance, several life-threatening side effects, repeated high doses, high cost and low efficacy of these antibiotics motivated the researchers to explore natural remedies for the treatment of UTI. Herbal medicines are effective to combat bacterial resistance with high efficacy, and easy availability with minimal or no side effects. For these reasons it has attained the attention of researchers wanting to explore the herbal treatment of UTI. Vaccinium macrocarpon, Tribulus terrestris, Trachyspermum copticum, Cinnamomum verum and Hybanthusenn easpermus are some common medicinal plants reported to have therapeutic potential for the management and cure of the UTI. Although herbal medicines have more potential over conventional medicine but more discoveries are required to explore the phytoconstituents and their mechanism of action responsible for the management and cure of UTI.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), causes potentially life threatening, chronic disease called acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), specifically by suppressing the immune system. According to global health observatory data since epidemic more than 78 million people were affected by HIV and 39 million people died globally and 36.5 million people (0.6-0.9%) were living with HIV till 2017 worldwide commonly in African regions (according to WHO nearly 1 in every 25 adults (4.1%). WHO reported that globally only 21.7 million (19.1 million-22.6 million) people have access to antiretroviral therapy till 2017. Currently, anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is available to control the HIV but limitations associated with ART, researchers throughout the world are trying to explore and develop more reliable and safe drugs from natural resources to manage HIV infection. A wide range of medicinal plants have been studied and reported significant potential against HIV like Rheum palmatum L., Rheum officinale, Trigonostema xyphophylloides, Vatica astrotricha, Vernonia amygdalina, Hypoxias pelargonium, Sidoides hemerocallidea and Sutherlandia frutescens etc. Various phytoconstituents isolated from medicinal plants such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, tannins, proteins and coumarins have impact to interrupt the life cycle of HIV as well as act as immunomodulators to enhance the immune system of infected person with no well reported side effects. It could be concluded that medicinal plants have potential for the management of HIV/AIDS but more studies are needed to reveal rigorous efficacy and safety concerns by conducting clinical trials at vast level to explore therapeutic impact of medicinal plants. K E Y W O R D S antiretroviral therapy, immune system, medicinal plants, phytoconstituents, safety concerns, specific anti-HIV activity
The advent of antibiotics revolutionized medical care resulting in significantly reduced mortality and morbidity caused by infectious diseases. However, excessive use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistance and indeed, the incidence of multidrug-resistant pathogens is considered as a major disadvantage in medication strategy, which has led the scholar's attention towards innovative antibiotic sources in recent years. Medicinal plants contain a variety of secondary metabolites with a wide range of therapeutic potential against the resistant microbes. | Rosmarinus officinalisRosmarinus officinalis, commonly known as Rosemary, belongs to family Lamiaceae is an evergreen herb. Its medicinal activities commonly in leaves are due to the presence of chemical compounds including abietane, diterpenes, carnosic acid, carnosol and 12-methoxy-trans-carnosic acid. Biologically, this plant has antimicrobial potential against Staph. aureus with MIC value of 16-64 µg/mL. 38 3.2.7 | Argemone maxicana Argemone maxicana L. belongs to family Papaveraceae. Its seed, leaf, and latex are used for medicinal purposes. The chemical compounds present in A. maxicana L. are protopine, berberine, oxyberberine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, and dehydrocorydalmine. It has been reported that methanolic extract of Argemone maxicana L. is effective against Staph. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. 39 | Hydrastis canadensisHydrastis canadensis belongs to family Ranunculaceae. Medicinally, its rhizomes are used to treat a set of various diseases like wounds, inflammation, and ulcers. Chemical constituents present in H. canadensis are berberine, beta-hydrastine, canadine, and canadaline. The extract of this plant is active against Staph. aureus, Strep. sanguis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. 40 | Citrus aurantifoliaCitrus aurantifolia belongs to family Rutaceae. Useful parts of this plant are fruit juice and rind of fruit as well as dried extract as powder, and seeds. Active compounds found in this plant are terpinene, pinene, limonene, hydrocarbons, monoterpenoids, citronellal, citral, vitamin C, and citric acid. Antimicrobial activity of the extract of C. aurantifolia against Staph. aureus and Candida albicans have been reported in published literature. 41 | Cymbopogon citratusCymbopogon citrate also called lemon grass belongs to the family Poaceae and its fruit and seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat bacterial infection, amoebiasis, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus. Chemical constituents isolated from C. citratus are gammaterpinene, beta-pinene, hydrocarbons, monoterpenoids, limonene, citronellal, citral, terpineol, methyl heptanone, hesperidin, naringoside, hesperidoside, vitamin C, and citric acid. The microorganisms including Staph. aureus, Citrobacter freundii, Sal. enterica, Edwardsiella tarda, Pr. mirabilis, B. subtilis, B. cereus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae are inhibited by this. 42 3.2.11 | Carica papaya Carica papaya belongs to fami...
Sarcoptes scabiei (S. scabiei), a parasite mite which causes scabies disease resulting in serious public health concern. The long-term scabies disease can lead to complications such as septicemia, acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, heart disease, and secondary infections. Timely treatment to the affected patients is required to control the disease and get rid of the causative agent. Delayed diagnosis and inappropriate treatment can lead to serious consequences. The most common treatment strategy is the use of allopathic medicines which can immediately relieve the patient but have the drawback of side effects. The safe and cost-effective alternative treatment strategy is the use of medicinal plants which have beneficial therapeutic potential against variety of diseases due to the presence of many bioactive phytoconstituents with no or minimal side effects. For the present review, the published articles describing scabies disease and its phytotherapeutic modalities were searched through different data bases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and ScienceDirect using the keywords like S. scabiei, prevalence of scabies disease, and phytotherapy of scabies. A large number of medicinal plants, such as Melaleuca alternifolia, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Rosmarinus officinalis, Capsicum annuum, Cinnamomum camphor, Solanum nigrum, and Eupatorium perfoliatum, have been reviewed for the promising future treatments of scabies. All the studied plants have many bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic effects against scabies and can be utilized for therapeutic purposes for this disease. This literature study has limitations because of the lack of sufficient data due to limited pre-clinical trials in this particular area. This review provides a baseline to explore the therapeutic potential of these medicinal plants against skin diseases. However, extensive studies are required to identify, authenticate, and characterize the bioactive compounds present in these plants which may lead to value addition in pharmaceutical industries providing the cost-effective way of treatment with minimal side effects. K E Y W O R D S
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