Fat reduction in the formulation of cheese emulsion causes problems in its flowability and functional characteristics during spray-dried cheese powder production. In order to eliminate these problems, the potential of using microparticulated whey protein (MWP) in cheese emulsions was examined in this study. Reduced-fat white-brined cheese emulsions (RF) with different dry-matters (DM) (15%, 20%, and 25% excluding emulsifying salt) were produced using various MWP concentrations (0%–20% based on cheese DM of emulsion). Their key characteristics were compared to full-fat cheese emulsion (FF). MWP addition had no influence on prevention of the phase separation observed in the instable group (RF 15). The most notable effect of using MWP was a reduction in apparent viscosity of RF which significantly increased by fat reduction. Moreover, increasing the amount of MWP led to a decrease in the values of consistency index and an increase in the values of flow behavior index. On the other hand, using high amounts of MWP made the emulsion more liquid-like compared to full-fat counterpart. MWP utilization also resulted in similar lightness and yellowness parameters in RF as their full-fat counterparts. MWP in RF increased glossiness and flowability scores, while decreased mouth coating scores in sensory analyses. Fat reduction caused a more compact network, while a porous structure similar to FF was observed with MWP addition to RF. In conclusion, MWP showed a good potential for formulation of reduced-fat cheese emulsions with rheological and sensorial characteristics suitable to be used as the feeding liquid in the spray drying process.
Maillard reaction (non-enzymatic browning) formed during heat treatment is an important for the quality of foods. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an intermediate compound of this reaction and can be changed with temperature during production and storage in dairy products. In this study, the HMF levels of pasteurized and UHT milks with different fat contents were determined. In addition to the effect of hydrolisation of lactose on HMF contents, the composition and colour values of milk samples were also determined. Total HMF values varied from 1.15 to 4.78 µmol/L in pasteurized milk, 2.16 to 12.74 µmol/L in UHT milk and 27.35 to 35.73 µmol/L in lactose hydrolised milk. Although increase in heat intensity resulted in an increase in HMF values, levels were still lower than those in other food products. HMF values of UHT milk slightly increased with an increase in milk fat. The highest level was obtained in lactose hydrolised UHT milk. Moreover, the redness values of lactose hydrolised UHT milks were high.
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