We have demonstrated an increased cellular immunity and perhaps a compensated oxidative stress related to increased antioxidant activation in women with early spontaneous pregnancy loss.

The objective of this study was to investigate serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity as a marker of T lymphocyte activation and parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant defence in hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). Serum ADA activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were investigated in 40 pregnant women with the HG and 40 with healthy pregnancies, in a descriptive study. Although serum ADA and CAT were measured to be higher in HG group, the difference was not significant. Serum MDA and GPx levels were significantly elevated in women with HG when compared with those without HG. The significance of changes in lipid peroxidation and T-cell activation in the pathogenesis of HG and whether this is a cause or a compensatory reaction to HG requires further investigations with larger multicentre trials.

CCK release has been found to be halved in pregnant women with HG, which supports the hypothesis that gastrointestinal motility is increased in pregnant women with HG. A causal effect remains to be confirmed.

OBJECTIVE: Reperfusion injury occurs when the condition causing ischemia in ovarian torsion is corrected and the blood supply is re-established. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether doxycycline treatment reduces reperfusion injury in a rat model. STUDY DESIGN:Thirty-five female albino Wistar rats were split into the five groups. Sham: Sham operation; ischemia (I): 2 hours of ischemia; ischemia and reperfusion (I/R): 2 hours of ischemia followed by 2 hours of reperfusion; Sham-Dc: Sham operation and doxycycline 10-mg/kg (2 hours prior to surgery); I/R-Dc: 2-hours of ischemia and doxycycline 10-mg/kg and 2-hours of reperfusion. The groups were compared in terms of histological and biochemical features. A semi-quantitative histological assessment scoring system was used for the histological examination. Follicular cell degeneration, vascular congestion, haemorrhage, and inflammatory cell count were evaluated for histological analysis. For biochemical analysis of reperfusion injury, the body's total antioxidant status and total oxidant status were measured using a fully automatic method. The oxidative stress index was calculated by dividing total antioxidant status by total oxidant status. RESULTS:In the sham group the ovaries were histologically normal. Oedema, vascular congestion, bleeding, leukocyte infiltration, and follicle degeneration were increased in other groups (p<0.05). There was less leukocyte infiltration in the I/R-Dc group compared to I/R group. Other histological features were similar in these groups. Doxycycline increased the malondialdehyde, total antioxidant and total oxidant status levels in Sham-Dc and I/R-Dc groups. This increase was statistically significant between Sham and Sham-Dc groups. However, although there was an increase in the biochemical markers in the I/R-Dc group, this increase was not significant compared to I/R group. CONCLUSION: Doxycycline treatment in ovarian torsion does not reduce I/R injury. Doxycycline may even increase reperfusion injury, according to biochemical findings.

No abstract

Objective: To assess the quality of information presented in YouTube videos about human papillomavirus vaccination. Method: The descriptive study was conducted at Konya Meram Education and Research Hospital, On October 15, 2019 when the YouTube website was search using the terms ‘human papillomavirus’, ‘HPV vaccine’ and ‘Gardasil’. The videos were recorded to a playlist by two individual gynaecologists to prevent any change in the listed videos. The videos were categorised into 3 groups; useful information group A, misleading information group B and insufficient information group C. The quality of the videos was scored using global quality scale from 1 = poor quality to 5 = excellent quality. DISCERN scale was used for reliability. A 10-point scale was used to evaluate comprehensiveness of the videos.  Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 200 videos assessed, 179(89.5%) were analysed. There were 17(9.5%) videos in group A, 38(21.2%) in group B and 124(69.3%) in group C. Mean global quality scale score was 3.94±1.39 group A, 1.84±0.59 group B and 3.13±0.94 group C (p<0.001). Mean reliability values were 4.18±1.13group A, 1.66±0.66 group B and 3.03±0.87 group C (p<0.001). Comprehensiveness scores were 6.94±2.49 group A, 1.53±0.95 group B and 4.87±1.72 group C (p<0.001). Conclusion: Professional organisations, university channels and doctors should provide accurate, unbiased and evidence-based information on YouTube for community awareness. Key Words: HPV vaccine, Health information on YouTube, e-health, Health communication.

No abstract

Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) is a form of disorders of sexual development. Besides the issues of gender assignment, the fate of gonads in these patients poses a challenging problem. Debate still remains on the need and/or timing of gonadectomy in either complete or partial androgen insensitivity syndromes. In this case report, we present a 68year-old patient who was raised as a woman, stayed married for 45 years and admitted to our endocrinology department with complaint of male type hair distribution after initial examination following move to a nursing home. Physical examination revealed no breast development, a phallus of 6 cm, labia majoras that include testes and a blind ending vagina. Chromosomal analysis confirmed 46,XY with intact SRY and AZF regions. Pelvic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging results indicated testicular tissue in labia majoras in addition to a rudimentary prostate. Gonadectomy was not offered to the patient due to lacking evidence of benefit in this age group and considering possible hormonal side effects. Our patient might be the oldest patient to be diagnosed with PAIS. Treatment and follow-up protocols for adults with PAIS are not standardized and therefore these patients should be individually evaluated and treated. Risks and benefits of surgery should be kept in mind when suggesting gonadectomy.