These findings will enable nurses to consider the importance of spirituality and spiritual care. Grasping these concepts will enable nurses to become more sensitive in their daily practices of spiritual care.

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Our data provide evidence for a relation between serum testosterone levels and IOP in menopause. Higher testosterone seems to have a tendency to increase IOP in menopausal women.

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To compare lamina cribrosa (LC) and choroidal thicknesses using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy controls. Methods: A total number of 44 eyes of 22 patients with PD and 50 eyes of 25 healthy subjects were utilized in this institutional cross-sectional study. After a complete ophthalmic examination, all eyes were imaged with OCT (RTVue-100 version 5.1 Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography; Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA); LC and choroidal thickness were assessed. Results: The mean LC thicknesses were 209.4 AE 40.2 lm in patients with PD and 292.5 AE 33.7 lm in control subjects. There was a significant difference in the mean LC thickness between the groups (p < 0.0001). The choroidal thickness measurements of the PD group at the subfoveal region and 1.5 mm temporal and 1.5 mm nasal to the fovea were 228.1 AE 44.3, 193.2 AE 41.4 and 188.4 AE 49.0 lm, respectively, whereas measurements for the controls were, respectively, 246.5 AE 38.2, 227.3 AE 34.7 and 216.7 AE 51.4 lm. The choroid was significantly thinner in eyes of the PD group compared to that of the controls (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.006). There was no significant correlation between the disease severity and OCT parameters. The duration of the disease showed a statistically significant negative correlation with LC (rs[94] = À0.700, p < 0.001), and average subfoveal and temporal and nasal choroid thicknesses Conclusions: Regardless of the disease severity, PD may cause atrophy and volume loss in the lamina cribrosa, and choroid. An enhanced depth imaging technique may be used as an additional modality in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with PD.

Both the presence of a significant difference between the CS of glaucoma patients and control subjects and a high specificity of contrast sensitivity suggests that the FACT test may be used as a tool for diagnosis of patients with glaucoma, besides other methods such as short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP).

Aims To study spatial-contrast function and short-wavelength sensitivity deficits in a migraine population with a disease duration of 30 years or less. Materials and methods In this prospective, cross-sectional study, we evaluated 28 subjects with migraine headache and 15 nonheadache healthy controls. Visual fields were evaluated using the Humphrey Field Analyzer 750i and the 30-2, blue and yellow threshold programme. Contrast sensitivity (CS) was measured at 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 18 cpd spatial frequencies, using the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (F.A.C.T.TM ).The results of the visual field parameters (mean defect (MD) and pattern standard defect (PSD)) and CS were compared with 15 age-equivalent normal subjects.Results Short-wavelength amplitude perimetry (SWAP) parameters and CS scores at all spatial frequencies were significantly altered in the migraine patients when compared with the control subjects. Visual field parameters correlated significantly with contrast sensitivity scores: positively for MD (r ¼ 0.39, P ¼ 0.01; r ¼ 0.43, P ¼ 0.005; r ¼ 0.56, P ¼ 0.0001; r ¼ 0.45, P ¼ 0.003; r ¼ 0.48, P ¼ 0.0001) and negatively for PSD (r ¼ À0.45, P ¼ 0.003; r ¼ À0.45, P ¼ 0.003; r ¼ À0.51, P ¼ 0.001; r ¼ À0.53, P ¼ 0.0001; and r ¼ À0.67, P ¼ 0.0001) at all (1.5, 3, 6,12, and 18 cpd) spatial frequencies, respectively. Migraine duration correlated negatively with MD (r ¼ À0.42, P ¼ 0.04) and positively with PSD (r ¼ 0.42, P ¼ 0.03). Conclusion Migraineurs had significantly altered visual field and contrast function at all spatial frequencies to the normal population.These defects share some features with early stages of glaucoma and may relate a possibility for a common vascular disease pathogenesis in these two conditions.

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The study findings provide key factors and the top barriers to research utilisation to nurse administrators in developing strategies to increase the utilisation of research findings in clinical practices.