Purpose:The purpose of this cross-sectional observational study was to determine the distribution and patterns of refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia in children seen at a pediatric eye care.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted in a Private Hospital in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from March to July 2013. During this period, a total of 1350 children, aged 1–15 years were seen at this Center's Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit. All the children underwent complete ophthalmic examination with cycloplegic refraction.Results:Refractive errors accounted for 44.4% of the cases, the predominant refractive error being hypermetropia which represented 83%. Strabismus and amblyopia were present in 38% and 9.1% of children, respectively.Conclusions:In this clinic-based study, the focus was on the frequency of refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia which were considerably high. Hypermetropia was the predominant refractive error in contrast to other studies in which myopia was more common. This could be attributed to the criteria for sample selection since it was clinic-based rather than a population-based study. However, it is important to promote public education on the significance of early detection of refractive errors, and have periodic screening in schools.

PubMed was searched using key words “COVID-19”, “coronavirus”, and “SARS CoV‑2” in conjunction with “ophthalmology” and “eye” on 17th May 2020. Total 483 articles were identified. After screening eleven articles were included in the analysis. The frequencies of ocular manifestations and the presence of virus in conjunctiva were analyzed and final results were compiled.Ten out of eleven articleswere analyzed for ocular manifestations. In our analysis a total of 2115 cases had Covid 19, out of which 77 patients developed ocular manifestations (3.64%, 95% CI 2.88 – 4.53). The most common being conjunctival congestion. Twelve patients had SARS – CoV-2 in their ocular secretions confirmed by RT PCR test (2.61%, 95% CI 1.36 – 4.52). This meta-analysis concludes that conjunctiva is neither a preferred site of infection nor a preferred gateway for entry of SARS CoV-2 in the body. As a low risk of infection does exist, eye protective equipment should be used when treating COVID – 19 patients. Key Words:  SARS CoV 2, COVID 19, Conjunctiva, Ophthalmology.

Aim: To compare the contrast sensitivity in different categories of myopia using two different optical correction spectacles and contact lens correction. Methods: This cross-sectional study in design was conducted from August 2018 to May 2019 at the Ophthalmology Department of Madinah Teaching Hospital Faisalabad.45 subjects corrected with spectacles lenses and contact lenses all had corrected visual acuity of 6/9 or better were studied.The extent of myopia determined the three groups. All individuals were subjected to spectacles and Contact lens correction using slitlamp for anterior eye examination and for the fundus examination. The assessment of visual acuity was carried out by the Snellen vision Chart at 6m distance and contrastssensitivity was tested by Pelli- Robson chart. Results: Results showed a significant relationship between contrast sensitivity and type of optical correction. There were significant results of the independent t-test for spectacle and contact lenses 0.00 (p<0.005). However, the mean contrast sensitivity was better for all the three groupswith contact lens correction as compared to spectacle lens correction.Contact lenses provide better contrast sensitivity than spectacle lenses. Conclusion: Comparison between contact lens and spectacle correction was done and better quality contact lenses reduce optical defocus and give better results of contrast sensitivity. Results also concluded that loss of contrast sensitivity will be interpreted as early loss of retinal functions in severe myopes. Keywords: Myopia, Contrast sensitivity, Spectacle lens, Contact lens

Objective This study aims to report an immediate change in intraocular pressure (IOP) after the first injection of bevacizumab. Materials and methods An interventional case series was carried out at Isra Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Karachi, from November 2018 to April 2020. All patients with various chorioretinal diseases requiring anti-VEGF treatment were included in the study. Patients with a history of previous anti-VEGF or steroid injections and personal or family history of glaucoma were excluded. Bevacizumab in a dose of 1.25 mg (0.05 ml) was injected intravitreally under topical anesthesia maintaining sterile aseptic conditions in the operating room. IOP was checked one hour prior to the injection, and hourly monitoring of it was continued for the next six hours. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics to compare the mean IOP readings before and after injection. Results A total of 191 eyes of 147 patients were included in the study. Among them, 92 (62.58%) were male and 55 (37.41%) were female with a mean age of 45.5 ± 8.8 years. The mean pre-injection IOP was measured as 12.12 ± 2.11 mmHg. The frequency of IOP elevation of ˃ 21 mmHg was observed in 169 (88.5%) eyes at five minutes, 104 (54.5%) eyes at 30 minutes, 33 (17.3%) eyes at one hour, and 16 (8.4%) eyes at two hours. The raised mean post-operative IOP was 30.44 ± 6.53 mmHg at five minutes, 26.27 ± 4.65 mmHg at 30 minutes, 26.12 ± 3.31 mmHg at one hour, and 25.63 ± 3.03 mmHg at two hours. The IOP reduced to pre-injection value at three hours measuring 12.12 ± 2.11 mmHg and continued to stay at that level for the next three hours. Conclusions The majority of the eyes receiving first-time intravitreal bevacizumab injection showed a significant increase in IOP level within five minutes to two hours post-injection.