New quaternary ammonium salts are synthesized by octylamine, nonylamine, dodecylamine, and hexadecylamine reacting with propylene oxide at a mole ratio of 1:2, followed by reaction with 2‐chloroethanol. By tensiometric measurements of aqueous solutions, their surface activity has been determined. Using the results of these measurements and electroconductometric studies, important parameters such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), efficiency of surfactant adsorption, surface pressure at the CMC, changes of Gibbs free energies for micelle formation, and adsorption were estimated. By application of the Gibbs adsorption isotherm, indices such as maximum surface excess concentration and minimum surface area/molecule at the air–water interface were also calculated. Petroleum‐collecting properties of these surfactants were investigated. Among these quaternary ammonium surfactants, the surfactant based on dodecylamine, propylene oxide, and 2‐chloroethanol exhibits the highest petroleum‐collecting capacity.
On the basis of measurements of conductivity and surface activity, adsorption and micellization parameters such as critical micellization concentration (CMC), adsorption efficiency, effectiveness of surface tension reduction, and a degree of counterion dissociation (α) for four new ammonium surfactants, octyl-ammonium chloride in aqueous solutions have been determined. The values of CMC determined by two different methods are compared, and they show reasonable agreement. Using the results of electroconductometric and tensiometric measurements, enthalpy (ΔH), the Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and entropy (ΔS) for processes of adsorption and micellization have been computed. The influence of the length of the alkyl chain in the synthesized salts on surface activity and thermodynamic parameters has been clarified. The petrocollecting capacity of the obtained surfactants has been studied on the surface of waters having various mineralization degrees. It has been revealed that the surfactant containing C 12 chain is the most effective petrocollecting reagent among the synthesized salts.
Surfactants based on myristic acid, epichlorohydrin, and propylene oxide were obtained in two ways. First, the ester of myristic acid and epichlorohydrin was synthesised, and then with propylene oxide. Second, myristic acid was first reacted with propylene oxide, and then with epichlorohydrin. In both cases, the reactions were carried out at 150–160°C using triethylamine as a catalyst. The obtained chloropropoxy-propoxy and propoxy-chloropropoxy esters of myristic acid are non-ionic surfactants. These products were transformed into cationic surfactants by interaction with several ethanolamines. The specific electroconductance and surface activity of the obtained surfactants, characters that vary with the colloidal–chemical parameters of the surfactants, depended on such factors as the sequence of the epichlorohydrin and propylene oxide units inside the polar group of the obtained ionic surfactants, the presence of the methyl group linked to the N-atom, as well as the number of ethylol groups. It was revealed that the synthesised surfactants possess a property of localising thin (thickness <1 mm) petroleum films spread over different types of water.
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