Software testing is an important but expensive activity of software development life cycle, as it accounts for more than 52% of entire development cost. Testing requires the execution of all possible test cases in order to find the defects in the software. Therefore, different test suite optimization approaches like the genetic algorithm and the greedy algorithm, etc., are widely used to select the representative test suite without compromising the effectiveness. Test suite optimization is frequently researched to enhance its competences but there is no study published until now that analyzes the latest developments from 2016 to 2019. Hence, in this article, we systematically examine the state-of-the-art optimizations' approaches, tools, and supporting platforms. Principally, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to inspect and examine 58 selected studies that are published during 2016-2019. Subsequently, the selected researches are grouped into five main categories, i.e., greedy algorithm (seven studies), meta-heuristic (28 studies), hybrid (six studies), clustering (five studies), and general (12 studies). Finally, 32 leading tools have been presented, i.e., existing tools (25 tools) and proposed/developed tools (seven tools) along 14 platform supports. Furthermore, it is noted that several approaches aim at solving the single-objective optimization problem. Therefore, researchers should focus on dealing with the multi-objective problem, as multi-objective versions outperform the single-objective ones. Moreover, less attention has been given to clustering-based techniques. Thus, we recommend exploring the machine learning and artificial intelligencebased optimization approaches in the future. A broad exploration of tools and techniques, in this article, will help researchers, practitioners, and developers to opt for adequate techniques, tools, or platforms as per requirements.

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This study aims to determine the effect of corneal cross-linkage (CXL) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in keratoconus patients. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was carried out at the Cornea Clinic of Al Ibrahim Eye Hospital Malir, Karachi. A total of 60 eyes of 36 subjects with progressive keratoconus with the age range of 15 to 31 years were fulfilling the criteria of the study. Subjects were selected with convenient sampling and subjects with a previous history of CXL were excluded from the study. A complete history of the patient, clinical examination with slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and visual acuity (VA) with Snellen chart were recorded. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements of each subject were recorded with Goldman Applanation Tonometer (GAT) before and immediately after 15 minutes of CXL and on the 2nd day of CXL, 1month, and 3 months after CXL. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the data. Results: The average preoperative measured intraocular pressure (IOP) was 20.22 +/- 3.97 mmHg. There was a statistically significant decrease in IOP measurements 18.96 +/- 3.73 mmHg on the same day after the corneal cross linkage procedure with (P 0.001) while there was no statistically significant change in intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements was observed on the 2nd day, 1 month and 3 months after CXL. The postoperative mean of IOP measurements was 19.61 +/- 3.47 mmHg on the 2nd day, 19.67 +/- 3.14 mmHg on 1 month, and 19.33 +/- 3.64 mmHg at 3 months respectively. Conclusion: This study shows that reductions in intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were observed on the immediate response of corneal cross-linkage (CXL) on the same day. This change might be due to immediate alteration in the biomechanics of the cornea during corneal cross-linkage. These changes return to the normal position later because no change was seen on different follow-ups of patients after CXL in eyes with keratoconus.

In the process of software development, regression testing is one of the major activities that is done after making modifications in the current system or whenever a software system evolves. But, the test suite size increases with the addition of new test cases and it becomes in-efficient because of the occurrence of redundant, broken, and obsolete test cases. For that reason, it results in additional time and budget to run all these test cases. Many researchers have proposed computational intelligence and conventional approaches for dealing with this problem and they have achieved an optimized test suite by selecting, minimizing or reducing, and prioritizing test cases. Currently, most of these optimization approaches are single objective and static in nature. But, it is mandatory to use multi-objective dynamic approaches for optimization due to the advancements in information technology and associated market challenges. Therefore, we have proposed three variants of self-tunable Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System i.e. TLBO-ANFIS, FA-ANFIS, and HS-ANFIS, for multi-objective regression test suites optimization. Two benchmark test suites are used for evaluating the proposed ANFIS variants. The performance of proposed ANFIS variants is measured using Standard Deviation and Root Mean Square Error. A comparison of experimental results is also done with six existing methods i.e. GA-ANFIS, PSO-ANFIS, MOGA, NSGA-II, MOPSO, and TOPSIS and it is concluded that the proposed method effectively reduces the size of regression test suite without a reduction in the fault detection rate.

Objective: To determine the symptoms, demographic parameters and health profile of post-menopausal women and factors related to the deranged health profile. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun 2019 to Aug 2021. Methodology: Five hundred post-menopausal women were included in this study via convenience sampling. Menopause was confirmed based on clinical and laboratory information. A consultant Gynecologist inquired about details of clinical symptoms and demographic profile. Relationship of age, body mass index, use of hormonal replacement therapy and living with husband was assessed with the presence of deranged health profile among the post-menopausal women participating in this study. Results: Out of 500 post-menopausal women studied in the given period, 323 (64.6%) had at least one clinical symptom of a deranged health profile, while 177 (35.4%) did not report any such symptom. The mean age of the study participants was 58.47 ± 4.561 years. Hot flushes 200 (40%) were the most commonly reported symptoms, followed by urinary tract infections 121 (24.2%) and palpitations 121 (24.2%). After applying the statistical analysis, high body mass index and not using hormonal replacement therapy emerged as factors associated with deranged health profiles in the study participants (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Most of the women had at least one clinical symptom after menopause. Hot flushes, urinary tract infections and palpitations were commonly reported symptoms. Patients with high body mass index and no hormonal replacement therapy were more likely to have a........

Exfoliated trophoblastic cells can be seen in a cervicovaginal smear in cases of normal pregnancy or gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and can mimic high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or malignancy. Although they appear highly anaplastic, cytological features such as high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, irregular nuclear contours and scanty basophilic cytoplasm admixed with cytologically benign squamoid and endocervical cells can aid in differentiating them from malignant cells. We present a case of a 37‐year‐old woman with abnormal uterine bleeding for 3‐months. There was no history of recent pregnancy or previous GTD. Her cervicovaginal smear showed a hypercellular smear exhibiting cytologically benign superficial and intermediate squamous cells along with clusters of benign endocervical cells with interspersed mononucleate cells. These mononucleate cells were large, with a hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei, and scant basophilic cytoplasm. Cytological features were suggestive of trophoblastic cells and workup for pregnancy and GTD was advised. Her laboratory investigations showed markedly raised levels of β human chorionic gonadotropins (β‐HCG) and ultrasound showed a uterine mass with snowstorm appearance. A uterine evacuation was performed after which histopathological examination showed microscopic features consistent with a complete hydatidiform mole. The rare presence of trophoblastic cells in a cervicovaginal smear can easily be confused with malignant cells and can be misleading to the pathologist. Trophoblastic cells should always be kept in mind when evaluating a cytology smear of a young patient irrespective of gestational status.

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