Software testing is an important but expensive activity of software development life cycle, as it accounts for more than 52% of entire development cost. Testing requires the execution of all possible test cases in order to find the defects in the software. Therefore, different test suite optimization approaches like the genetic algorithm and the greedy algorithm, etc., are widely used to select the representative test suite without compromising the effectiveness. Test suite optimization is frequently researched to enhance its competences but there is no study published until now that analyzes the latest developments from 2016 to 2019. Hence, in this article, we systematically examine the state-of-the-art optimizations' approaches, tools, and supporting platforms. Principally, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to inspect and examine 58 selected studies that are published during 2016-2019. Subsequently, the selected researches are grouped into five main categories, i.e., greedy algorithm (seven studies), meta-heuristic (28 studies), hybrid (six studies), clustering (five studies), and general (12 studies). Finally, 32 leading tools have been presented, i.e., existing tools (25 tools) and proposed/developed tools (seven tools) along 14 platform supports. Furthermore, it is noted that several approaches aim at solving the single-objective optimization problem. Therefore, researchers should focus on dealing with the multi-objective problem, as multi-objective versions outperform the single-objective ones. Moreover, less attention has been given to clustering-based techniques. Thus, we recommend exploring the machine learning and artificial intelligencebased optimization approaches in the future. A broad exploration of tools and techniques, in this article, will help researchers, practitioners, and developers to opt for adequate techniques, tools, or platforms as per requirements.
This study aims to determine the effect of corneal cross-linkage (CXL) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in keratoconus patients. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was carried out at the Cornea Clinic of Al Ibrahim Eye Hospital Malir, Karachi. A total of 60 eyes of 36 subjects with progressive keratoconus with the age range of 15 to 31 years were fulfilling the criteria of the study. Subjects were selected with convenient sampling and subjects with a previous history of CXL were excluded from the study. A complete history of the patient, clinical examination with slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and visual acuity (VA) with Snellen chart were recorded. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements of each subject were recorded with Goldman Applanation Tonometer (GAT) before and immediately after 15 minutes of CXL and on the 2nd day of CXL, 1month, and 3 months after CXL. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the data. Results: The average preoperative measured intraocular pressure (IOP) was 20.22 +/- 3.97 mmHg. There was a statistically significant decrease in IOP measurements 18.96 +/- 3.73 mmHg on the same day after the corneal cross linkage procedure with (P 0.001) while there was no statistically significant change in intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements was observed on the 2nd day, 1 month and 3 months after CXL. The postoperative mean of IOP measurements was 19.61 +/- 3.47 mmHg on the 2nd day, 19.67 +/- 3.14 mmHg on 1 month, and 19.33 +/- 3.64 mmHg at 3 months respectively. Conclusion: This study shows that reductions in intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were observed on the immediate response of corneal cross-linkage (CXL) on the same day. This change might be due to immediate alteration in the biomechanics of the cornea during corneal cross-linkage. These changes return to the normal position later because no change was seen on different follow-ups of patients after CXL in eyes with keratoconus.
Objective: To determine the symptoms, demographic parameters and health profile of post-menopausal women and factors related to the deranged health profile. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun 2019 to Aug 2021. Methodology: Five hundred post-menopausal women were included in this study via convenience sampling. Menopause was confirmed based on clinical and laboratory information. A consultant Gynecologist inquired about details of clinical symptoms and demographic profile. Relationship of age, body mass index, use of hormonal replacement therapy and living with husband was assessed with the presence of deranged health profile among the post-menopausal women participating in this study. Results: Out of 500 post-menopausal women studied in the given period, 323 (64.6%) had at least one clinical symptom of a deranged health profile, while 177 (35.4%) did not report any such symptom. The mean age of the study participants was 58.47 ± 4.561 years. Hot flushes 200 (40%) were the most commonly reported symptoms, followed by urinary tract infections 121 (24.2%) and palpitations 121 (24.2%). After applying the statistical analysis, high body mass index and not using hormonal replacement therapy emerged as factors associated with deranged health profiles in the study participants (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Most of the women had at least one clinical symptom after menopause. Hot flushes, urinary tract infections and palpitations were commonly reported symptoms. Patients with high body mass index and no hormonal replacement therapy were more likely to have a........
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