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Chronic inflammation is pathologically associated with various clinical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Several anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs currently available in market presents a wide range of problems. Therefore, the current study was aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of newly synthesized compound 2-(5-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N-propylbenzenesulphonamide (MOPBS). Carrageenan and CFA-induced models were developed for evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators. Pain behaviours were evaluated by performing Von Frey, Randall Selitto, cold acetone and hot plate test respectively. X-ray imaging and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were performed for examination of soft tissues of treated mice paw. Additionally, Kodzeila's screen test and weight test were performed for determination of any side effects on motor function and muscle strength. Acute pretreatment of animals with MOPBS (1, 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a significant reduction of paw oedema against carrageenan-induced acute inflammation as well as notable inhibition of mechanical hyperalgesia, allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Similarly, in chronic inflammation model, administration of MOPBS (50 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a remarkable reduction of paw oedema. Additionally, MOPBS pretreatment showed a significant inhibition of thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, and mechanical hyperalgesia in chronic arthritis model. Several pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were inhibited by MOPBS treatment in blood plasma and paw tissues, respectively. MOPBS also enhanced the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and heme oxygenase (HO-1) and in turn reduced arthritis severity and inflammation. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory data were confirmed by X-rays and histological analysis. MOPBS pretreatment did not produce any apparent toxic effect on gastric, kidney and liver function and on muscle strength and motor function. Hence, the present data suggest that MOPBS might be a candidate for several chronic inflammatory diseases such RA and other auto-immune diseases.

Clinically, gliomas are classified into four grades, with grade IV glioblastoma multiforme being the most malignant and deadly, which accounts for 50% of all gliomas. Characteristically, glioblastoma involves the aggressive proliferation of cells and invasion of normal brain tissue, outcomes as poor patient prognosis. With the current standard therapy of glioblastoma; surgical resection and radiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide, it remains fatal, because of the development of drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastasis. Therefore, the need for the effective therapeutic option for glioblastoma remains elusive. Previous studies have demonstrated the chemopreventive role of naturally occurring pharmacological agents through preventing or reversing the initiation phase of carcinogenesis or arresting the cancer progression phase. In this review, we discuss the role of natural phytochemicals in the amelioration of glioblastoma, with the aim to improve therapeutic outcomes, and minimize the adverse side effects to improve patient’s prognosis and enhancing their quality of life.