1. The inhibitory effects of the GABAA agonist muscimol and the GABAB agonist baclofen on tonically active medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurones were recorded in slices of the rat dorsal brainstem in vitro, to determine whether any changes occurred in the functional efficacy of GABAergic inhibition in these cells during the initial rapid stage of 'vestibular compensation', the behavioural recovery that takes place after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). These experiments were carried out in preparations where the midline was cut, severing all commissural connections between the two vestibular nuclei. 2. Slices of the MVN were prepared from normal animals and animals that had been unilaterally labyrinthectomised 4 h earlier. The mean in vitro discharge rate of MVN neurones in the rostral region of the ipsi-lesional nucleus after UL was significantly higher than that in control slices, confirming our earlier reports of an increase in intrinsic excitability of these cells in the early stage of vestibular compensation. The in vitro discharge rates of caudal ipsi-lesional MVN cells, and rostral and caudal contra-lesional MVN cells, were not different from controls. 3. Muscimol and baclofen caused reversible, dose-related inhibition of the tonic discharge rate of MVN cells in control slices. In slices prepared from UL animals, MVN cells in the rostral region of the ipsi-lesional nucleus showed a marked downregulation of their response to both muscimol and baclofen, seen as a rightward shift and a decrease in slope of the dose-response relationships for the two agonists. In the contra-lesional nucleus, there was a small but significant upregulation of the responsiveness of both rostral and caudal MVN cells to baclofen, and a marked upregulation of the responsiveness of caudal MVN cells to muscimol. 4. In slices from animals that had undergone bilateral labyrinthectomy 4 h earlier, the downregulation of the functional efficacy of GABA receptors in the rostral MVN cells did not occur. The changes in GABA receptor efficacy after UL are therefore not due to the vestibular de-afferentation itself, but are instead due to the imbalance in excitability of the vestibular nuclei of the lesioned and intact sides, and the enhanced commissural inhibition of the ipsi-lesional MVN cells that follows UL. 5. The downregulation of GABA receptor efficacy in the ipsi-lesional MVN neurones is functionally compensatory, in that their response to commissural and cerebellar inhibitory drive will be significantly reduced after UL. Their intrinsic membrane conductances, and their remaining excitatory synaptic inputs, will consequently be more effective in causing depolarisation and the restoration of resting activity. Simultaneously the upregulation of GABAergic efficacy in the contra-lesional MVN will tend to reduce the hyperactivity on the contralateral side. These adaptive changes therefore represent a plausible cellular mechanism for the recovery of resting discharge in the ipsi-lesional MVN neurones, and the 'rebalancing' of the excitabi...

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We investigated changes in intrinsic excitability and GABA receptor efficacy in rat medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons following 48 h and 7-10 days of behavioral recovery after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) in the rat. The mean in vitro discharge rate of rostral ipsilesional MVN cells at both time points was significantly higher than normal, indicating that the intrinsic excitability of the deafferented cells undergoes a sustained up-regulation during vestibular compensation. In slices from animals that had compensated for 7-10 days after UL, the responsiveness of rostral ipsilesional MVN cells to the GABA(A) agonist muscimol was not different from normal, while the responsiveness to the GABA(B) agonist baclofen was significantly down-regulated. This is in contrast to the situation soon after UL, where the efficacy of both GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors is markedly down-regulated. The recovery of fast GABA(A) mediated neurotransmission by 7-10 days post-UL presumably enables ipsilesional cells to again respond to vestibular stimulation, through commissural inhibitory modulation from the intact side. The permanent loss of excitatory input from the lesioned side may be, in effect, counteracted by the long-term down-regulation of slow GABA(B) receptors in the de-afferented neurons.

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In order to quantify degenerative and regenerative changes and analyze the contribution of multiple factors to the outcome after neurite transection, we cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons, and with a precise laser beam, we transected the nerve fibers they extended. Cell preparations were continuously visualized for 24 h with time-lapse microscopy. More distal cuts caused a more elongated field of degeneration, while thicker neurites degenerated faster than thinner ones. Transected neurites degenerated more if the uncut neurites of the same neuron simultaneously degenerated. If any of these uncut processes regenerated, the transected neurites underwent less degeneration. Regeneration of neurites was limited to distal cuts. Unipolar neurons had shorter regeneration than multipolar ones. Branching slowed the regenerative process, while simultaneous degeneration of uncut neurites increased it. Proximal lesions, small neuronal size, and extensive and rapid neurite degeneration were predictive of death of an injured neuron, which typically displayed necrotic rather than apoptotic form. In conclusion, this in vitro model proved useful in unmasking many new aspects and correlates of mechanically-induced neurite injury.

Purpose To investigate the frequency of sexual dysfunction (SD) in female multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and to explore its association with the location and number of demyelinating lesions. Material and Methods We evaluated 42 female patients and 41 healthy subjects. All patients underwent neurological examination and 1.5 T brain and full spinal MRI. All subjects completed the female sexual function index (FSFI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Short-Form 36 Quality of Life Scale (SF-36). All participants were also evaluated for serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), T4, estradiol, and total testosterone. Results No statistically significant differences between the MS and control groups were found for age, body mass index (BMI), serum TSH, T4, E2, and total testosterone level. MS patients had a statistically significantly lower FSFI and SF-36 scores and higher BDI and BAI scores compared with healthy subjects. The location and number of demyelinating lesions were not associated with SD. Conclusion In our cohort, this difference in SD appears unrelated to the location and number of demyelinating lesions. These findings highlight the importance of the assessment and treatment of psychiatric comorbidities, such as depression and anxiety, in MS patients reporting SD.

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More than 600 chemicals can cause damage in liver, one of which is carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Hepatoprotective agents could prevent tissue damage and reduce morbidity and mortality rates; such agents may include alternative or folkloric treatments. We investigated sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) for its hepatoprotective effect in CCl₄-induced experimental liver damage. To this end, 0.8 mg/kg of sesame fixed oil was provided intraperitoneally to rats whose livers were damaged by CCl₄. Tissue and blood samples were taken at the end of the experiments and evaluated histologically and biochemically. Ballooning degenerations and an increase in lipid droplets in liver parenchyma and increases in serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and bilirubin were found in the CCl₄ group. Biochemical and histopathological findings in the sesame fixed oil treated group were not significantly different from the CCl₄ group. Sesame did not show a hepatoprotective effect in CCl₄-induced liver toxicity.