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GASA is an important gene family that has important roles in both the developmental and physiological processes. In this study, 23 GASA genes in common bean were identified and detailed bioinformatics analyzes were conducted at both gene and protein levels.Pvul-GASA proteins were categorized into three clusters and a total of 13 duplication events (12 segmental and one tandem) were shown to play a role in the expansion of the GASA gene family in Phaseolus vulgaris L. The identified Pvul-GASAs have been shown to be linked to stress and hormone signaling pathways. In addition, some of the stressrelated miRNAs, such as miR164 and miR396, have been identified as targeting Pvul-GASA genes, which have also been shown to play a role in salt stress response based on expression data. The alterations in the expressions of Pvul-GASA-1, Pvul- genes between control and salt-stressed common bean cultivars have indicated their possible role in the stress response. This research is the first research on the in-silico detection and characterization of Pvul-GASA genes in common bean, in which the levels of gene expression were also analyzed.

One of the plant-specific transcription factor families that play an important role in responses to nitrogen deficiency is NODULE INCEPTION-like (NIN-like) proteins (NLPs). However, the properties and evolutionary relationships of NIN genes in P. vulgaris, which enable nodule formation naturally, have not been studied yet. 12 Pvul-NIN genes have been identified in this study and the approximate positions of these genes have been determined. At the same time, several biochemical and physicochemical properties of NIN-like proteins have been elucidated. Comparisons between both monocot and dicot, but also nodule binding and non-nodule binding species were considered when investigating the evolutionary relationships of NIN genes. 16 duplication events (14 segmental and 2 tandem) have been shown to play a role in the expansion of the NIN gene family in P. vulgaris. In addition, comparative expression analysis of NIN genes was performed by processing publicly available RNAseq data and different levels of Pvul-NIN gene expression under both salt and drought stress were detected, suggesting the roles of Pvul-NIN gene for abiotic stress response. Expression levels of NIN genes have also been investigated in different plant tissues and have been shown to be intensely expressed in nodules and root tissues. This is the first study on the in-silico detection and characterization of Pvul-NIN genes to examine gene expression levels in common bean. The results could therefore provide the basis for future studies of functional characterization of Pvul-NIN genes.

Ethylene insensitive-3 (EIN3) / Ethylene insensitive-3-like (EIL) protein family is a small family of transcription factors specific to plants that play role in plant growth and development under various environmental conditions. In this study, various bioinformatics approaches were used to make an in-depth identification of the EIN3/EIL family at both the gene and protein levels. So, 11 Pvul-EIL genes were identified and their approximate locations were determined. Various biochemical and physicochemical properties of EIL proteins in Phaseolus vulgaris have been described. It was determined that Pvul-EIL proteins had a length of 447-651 amino acids and a molecular weight of 51.08-70.68 kDa. All duplications occurring in the Pvul-EIL genome were segmental type. It was observed that conserved motif, gene structure and phylogeny analyses all yielded similar results. For instance, it has been understood that genes with same motif type and number have similar gene structures and were located under the same branch in the phylogenetic tree. Pvul-EIL protein homology modeling showed that DNA binding properties and protein structure were similar to Arabidopsis EIN3. According to cis-element analysis, Pvul-EIL genes are engaged in a wide range of functions, including tissue-specific, stress, and hormone-sensitive expression. Additionally, RNAseq data was used to perform a comparative expression analysis of EIL genes. Various Pvul-EIL gene expression levels were detected under salt and drought stress. This is the first study to check the gene expression levels in P. vulgaris using in-silico detection and characterization of EIL genes. Therefore, obtained results can form the basis for future studies.

Özİnsan Papilloma Virüsü (IPV/HPV) deri ve mukozal yüzeylerdeki bazal epitelyal hücreleri enfekte eden papillomavirus ailesine mensup bir DNA virüsüdür. HPV, rahim ağzı (serviks) kanserinin yanı sıra anüs, penis, vulva, vajina ve orofarenks kanserlerinin de nedenidir. HPV virüsünün sosyokültürel ve ekonomik parametrelerden bağımsız olarak hemen her yaşta görülebileceği anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca enfekte olan kişilerde uzun süre herhangi bir belirti olmasa da virüsün vücuttaki yaşam döngüsü devam edebilmektedir ve uzun vadede kanser gelişimine neden olabilmektedir. HPV kapsid proteinlerine karşı nötralize edici antikorlar üretmenin, enfeksiyona karşı etkili bir profilaktik aşı üretim stratejisi sayesinde gerçekleşebildiği kanıtlanmıştır. Bivalan (2vHPV), quadrivalan (4vHPV) ve nanovalan (9vHPV) olmak üzere üç tip HPV aşısı bulunmaktadır. Bivalan HPV aşısı (2vHPV), servikal kanserlerin yaklaşık %71'inden sorumlu olan en onkojenik HPV tipleri olan 16 ve 18 VLP'leri içermektedir. Quadrivalan HPV (4vHPV) ise, genital siğillerin yaklaşık %90'ından sorumlu olan 6 ve 11'deki VLP'ler ile birlikte 16 ve 18 VLP'leri de içermektedir. Nanovalan (9vHPV) aşıları ise, quadrivalan HPV (4vHPV) içeriğine ek olarak rahim ağzı kanserinde sık sık tespit edilen HPV tipleri 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 VLP'leri de içermektedir. Profilaktik HPV aşılarının immünojenik olduğuna ve HPV enfeksiyonundan önce uygulandıklarında yüksek dereceli servikal intraepitelyal neoplazi (CIN) dahil olmak üzere hedeflenen tipte HPV enfeksiyonlarına ve tipe özgü genital lezyonlara karşı etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında özellikle, HPV virüsünün temel mekanizması, uygulanan aşı tipleri, küresel kullanımı ve aşılama sonrasında görülen toplumsal etkileri ele alınmıştır.