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The sun tracking system that lets Parabolic Dish or PV panel orthogonal to the sun radiation during the day, can raise the concentrated sun radiation by up to 40%. The fixed Parabolic Dish cannot generally track the sun trajectory, also the single-axis tracking system can follow the sun in the horizontal direction (azimuth angle), while the two-axis tracker tracks the sun path in both azimuth and altitude angles. Dual axis automated control tracking system, which tracks the sun in two planes (azimuth and altitude) to move a Concentrated Parabolic Dish system to the direction of ray diffusion of sun radiation is studied and designed. The designed tracking system constructed of microcontroller or programmable logic control (PLC) with a digital program that operates sun tracker using driver, gear box to control the angular speed and mechanical torque, supports and mountings. Two steeper motors are modelled to guide the parabolic dish panel perpendicular to the sun's beam. In the present study, simulation scheme of two axis sun tracking system has been developed by operating under Matlab/Simulink. The program models and studies the effectiveness of overall system. The designed tracker has been studied with real data of sun trajectory angles (azimuth and altitude) as well as a Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI) to improve the effectiveness of parabolic dish panel by adding the tracking features to those systems according to the present site.©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reservedArticle History: Received May 18th 2018; Received in revised form October 8th 2018; Accepted January 6th 2019; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Shufat, S.A., Kurt, E, and Hancerlioğulları, A. (2019) Modeling and Design of Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Solar Tracker for Maximum Solar Energy Generation. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 8(1), 7-13.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.8.1.7-13

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Coal-fired thermal power plants remain one of the main sources of electricity generation in Turkey. Combustion of coal creates coal ash and slag, which are often stored in landfills located near residential and agricultural fields, increasing the potential for high environmental contamination and health risks. This study investigates the content and enrichment factor (EF) of heavy metals in pulverized lignite coal and its combustion residues from the Kangal lignite coal-fired thermal power plant situated in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey. The concentration of heavy metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Zr, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in lignite coal, slag, and fly ash samples were analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique. The concentration of Fe is highest while Hg concentration is lowest in the samples. The concentrations of heavy metals are higher in slag and fly ash samples than in lignite coal. Average values of EF (related to Earth’s crust average) revealed that extreme enrichment has been shown by arsenic and mercury in lignite coal and fly ash samples while very high enrichment has been shown in slag samples.

Lignite coal (LC) is a key energy source for electricity generation in Turkey. During lignite burning, huge amounts of fly ash (FA), bottom ash and slag are produced as by-products which contain radionuclides in the natural radioactive series of uranium and thorium, and radioactive potassium. These radionuclides may lead to radiological exposure of workers and the public and cause environmental problems. Therefore, finding diverse uses for the by-products in the construction sector and earthwork applications has considerable economic and environmental importance. In this study, the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in and radon emanating power (EP) and radon mass exhalation rate (EXRM) from LC, slag and FA obtained from the Kangal lignite-burning power plant with a power of 457 MWe were measured using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The major chemical components (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO and MgO) of fly ash samples were analysed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The annual effective doses received by workers and members of the public were estimated using different scenarios specified in Radiation protection 122. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in LC, slag and FA samples were 187±21, 16±1 and 99±9 Bq kg−1, 620±18, 41±2 and 330±13 Bq kg−1, and 937±30, 38±2 and 272±17 Bq kg−1, respectively. The average values of EP and EXRM of the lignite, slag and FA samples were 8 %, 7 % and 10 %, and 0.1, 0.3 and 0.7 Bq kg−1 h−1, respectively. The highest average of the total annual effective dose is estimated at 153 μSv for members of the public and 74 μSv for workers, lower than the recommended annual limit of 1000 μSv.

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