The aim of this study was to investigate the language development of 20 children who had been exposed to thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency in infancy due to feeding with soy‐based formula that was accidentally deficient of thiamine. In this case–control study, 20 children (12 males, eight females; mean age 31.8mo [SD 4.1], range 24–39mo) who were fed thiamine‐deficient formula in infancy were compared with 20 children (12 males, eight females; mean age 32.2mo [SD 3.9], range 25–39mo) fed with other milk sources and matched for age, sex, and maternal education. Receptive and expressive language development was assessed with the Preschool Language Scale, 3rd edition. Other assessments included mental development (Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition), evaluation for autistic spectrum disorders, and neurological examination. Motor development was compared by age at independent walking. The study and control groups differed significantly in the expressive communication (p<0.001) and auditory comprehension language subscales (p<0.001), the Mental Developmental Index score (p<0.001), and age at independent walking (p=0.001). A significant correlation was found between the receptive language score and age at independent walking, i.e. poorer language associated with later walking (r=–0.601, p=0.005). The conclusion was that thiamine deficiency in infancy could affect language development in childhood.
Aims:To examine nursing students' stress and coping with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic through an ecological model of resilience. Specifically, to examine the relative contribution of different resilience levels in decreasing nursing students' strain symptoms: at the individual level, resilience trait; at the relational level, students' coping strategies; at the university level, nursing students' perceptions on their university's readiness to handle the virus outbreak; and at the national level, nursing students' trust in policymakers' decisions.
Design:The study used a cross-sectional design.Methods: Undergraduate students of five universities were recruited via an electronic link sent to their emails during the first months of the COVID-19 outbreak: May-July 2020. Of them, 492 participants completed the research questionnaire.Results: Hierarchical Regression Analysis revealed that nursing students' resilience, as a multi-level factor, decreased the students' level of strain symptoms above and beyond their stress levels and control variables. Specifically, the nursing students' trait resilience, perceptions of their university's positive response to the pandemic and trust in their national policymakers were negatively associated with their strain symptoms. Conversely, disengagement-in-emotion coping strategies was positively associated with the students' strain symptoms.Conclusions: Nursing students' resilience should be seen as a flexible resource that can be developed and influenced by their academic and clinical training, and by the intentions and actions of their university and the nursing administration at the Ministry of Health (MOH).
Impact:The findings call for the nursing administration at the MOH and for the university deans and department heads to prepare in advance a crisis plan that could be rapidly and effectively implemented when needed. Furthermore, topics such as developing flexible coping strategies should be integrated into the nursing curricula.These would allow students to prepare and cope better with adversity in their routine and in times of crisis.
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