Seventy-three Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were collected from dogs and cats in Japan to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance mechanisms to anti-pseudomonal agents. Resistance rates against orbifloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, aztreonam and gentamicin were 34.2, 31.5, 20.5, 17.8, 12.3 and 4.1%, respectively. The degree of resistance to cefotaxime, orbifloxacin, and enrofloxacin was greatly affected by efflux pump inhibitors, indicating overexpression of efflux pump contributes to these resistances. Notably, orbifloxacin and enrofloxacin resistance was observed even in isolates without mutations in the target sites. This is the first report on cephalosporin-and fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa from Japanese companion animals.
PurposeRecently, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been tested in veterinary medicine as a treatment option for multiple gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, there are no reports of changes in the microbial diversity of fecal microbiome after treatment with FMT in canine IBD cases. Moreover, little is known about the long-term efficacy and safety of FMT treatment for dogs. Herein, we present a case of canine intractable IBD treated with repeated, long-term FMT.Patients and methodsThe patient was a 10-year-old, neutered, male, 4-kg Toy Poodle with a prolonged history of vomiting and diarrhea. Fecal examination for pathogens was negative. Despite treatment with multiple antibacterial and antidiarrheal agents, the patient showed no improvement. Endoscopic mucus sampling diagnosed a case of lymphocytic-plasmacytic duodenitis, ie, idiopathic IBD. Eventually, we performed periodic, long-term fecal microbiota transplantation of fresh donor feces collected from a 4-year-old, 32.8-kg, neutered male Golden Retriever by rectal enema. Additionally, we performed 16S rRNA sequence analysis, before and after FMT, to evaluate the microbiome diversity.ResultsFecal microbiome diversity after FMT resembled that of the healthy donor dog’s fecal microbiome, before FMT, which led us to conclude that the fecal microbiome in our patient normalized with FMT. Moreover, the clinical symptoms improved remarkably with regard to the changes in the fecal microbiome. Additionally, we noted no observable side effects during FMT treatment.ConclusionThis report indicates the efficacy and safety of long-term, periodic FMT for a case of canine IBD based on attenuation of clinical symptoms and changes in fecal microbiome diversity. Therefore, FMT could be chosen as a treatment option for IBD in canines in the future.
BackgroundHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a primary disorder of the myocardium, is the most common cardiac disease in cats. However, determination of layer‐specific myocardial function with 2D speckle‐tracking echocardiography in cats with asymptomatic HCM has not yet been reported.ObjectivesTo quantitatively measure layer‐specific myocardial function of asymptomatic cats with HCM.AnimalsTen client‐owned, asymptomatic cats with obstructive HCM and 13 healthy cats.MethodsA retrospective, case‐control study. Cats underwent assessment of layer‐specific myocardial function (whole, endocardial, and epicardial) in the longitudinal and circumferential directions by using 2D speckle‐tracking echocardiography.ResultsLongitudinal strains were significantly lower in cats with HCM than controls in the whole (−15.5% vs −19.1%), endocardial (−18.3% vs −21.8%), and epicardial (−13.1% vs −16.8%) layers. Circumferential strains in whole and epicardial layers also were significantly lower in cats with HCM as compared with controls (−15.0% vs −20.2% and − 4.4% vs −9.4%, respectively). However, no significant difference was found between cats with HCM and controls in the global circumferential strain in the endocardial layer (−31.2% vs −34.2%). The circumferential endocardial‐to‐epicardial strain ratio was significantly higher in cats with HCM than in controls (6.1 vs 3.5).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceLayer‐specific myocardial function assessed by 2D speckle‐tracking echocardiography differed in asymptomatic cats with obstructive HCM compared to controls despite their apparently normal systolic function, as determined by conventional echocardiography. The maintained endocardial circumferential strain and higher circumferential endocardial‐to‐epicardial strain ratio may reflect compensation for occult systolic dysfunction in cats with obstructive HCM.
Large-scale monitoring of resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents was performed using 103 Proteus mirabilis strains isolated from dogs in Japan. Resistant strains were analysed to identify their resistance mechanisms. Rates of resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cephalothin, gentamicin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime were 20. 4, 15.5, 12.6, 10.7, 9.7, 8.7, 5.8, 2.9, 2.9, 1.9 and 1.9 %, respectively. No resistance to ceftazidime, aztreonam or imipenem was found. Class 1 and 2 integrases were detected in 2.9 and 11.7 % of isolates, respectively. Class 1 integrons contained aadB or aadB-catB-like-bla OXA10 -aadA1, whereas those of class 2 contained sat-aadA1, dhfr1-sat-aadA1 or none of the anticipated resistance genes. Of five distinct plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance (PMQR) genes, only qnrD gene was detected in 1.9 % of isolates. Quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC from 13 enrofloxacinintermediate and -resistant isolates were sequenced. Seven strains had double mutations and three had single mutations. Three of nine ampicillin-resistant isolates harboured AmpC-type blactamases (i.e. bla CMY-2 , bla CMY-4 and bla DHA-1 ). These results suggest that canine Proteus mirabilis deserves continued surveillance as an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants. This is the first report, to our knowledge, describing integrons, PMQRs and QRDR mutations in Proteus mirabilis isolates from companion animals.
Objective—To assess the status of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), identify extraintestinal virulence factors (VFs) and phylogenetic origins, and analyze relationships among these traits in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) isolates from companion animals. Sample—104 E coli isolates obtained from urine or genital swab samples collected between 2003 and 2010 from 85 dogs and 19 cats with urogenital infections in Japan. Procedures—Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined by use of the agar dilution method; a multiplex PCR assay was used for VF gene detection and phylogenetic group assessment. Genetic diversity was evaluated via randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Results—Of the 104 isolates, 45 (43.3%) were resistant to > 2 antimicrobials. Phylogenetically, 64 (61.5%), 22 (21.2%), 13 (12.5%), and 5 (4.8%) isolates belonged to groups B2, D, B1, and A, respectively. Compared with other groups, group B2 isolates were less resistant to all tested antimicrobials and carried the pap, hly, and cnf genes with higher frequency and the aer gene with lower frequency. The aer gene was directly associated and the pap, sfa, hly, and cnf genes were inversely associated with AMR. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis revealed 3 major clusters, comprised mainly of group B1, B2, and D isolates; 2 subclusters of group B2 isolates had different VF and AMR status. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prevalences of multidrug resistance and human-like phylogenetic origins among ExPEC isolates from companion animals in Japan were high. It is suggested that VFs, phylogenetic origins, and genetic diversity are significantly associated with AMR in ExPEC.
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