The design of freeform lenses and reflectors allows to achieve non-radially symmetric irradiance distributions whilst keeping the optical system compact. In the case of a point-like source, such as an LED, it is often desired to capture a wide angle of source light in order to increase optical efficiency. This generally results in strongly curved optics, requiring both lens surfaces to contribute to the total ray refraction, and thereby minimising Fresnel losses. In this article, we report on a new design algorithm for multiple freeform optical surfaces based on the theory of optimal mass transport that adresses these requirements and give an example of its application to a problem in general lighting.
More and more lighting applications require the design of dedicated optics to achieve a given radiant intensity or irradiance distribution. Freeform optics has the advantage of providing such a functionality with a compact design. It was previously demonstrated in [Bäuerle et al., Opt. Exp. 20, 14477-14485 (2012)] that the up-front computation of the light path through the optical system (ray mapping) provides a satisfactory approximation to the problem, and allows the design of multiple freeform surfaces in transmission or in reflection. This article presents one natural extension of this work by introducing an efficient optimization procedure based on the physics of the system. The procedure allows the design of multiple freeform surfaces and can render high resolution irradiance patterns, as demonstrated by several examples, in particular by a lens made of two freeform surfaces projecting a high resolution logo (530 × 160 pixels).
It was previously demonstrated by Bäuerle et al. [Opt. Express20, 14477 (2012)] that the computation of ray paths through the optical system (ray mapping) can be used to design multisurface freeform optical elements creating a prescribed irradiance pattern for a zero-étendue source. The procedure outlined there uses the heuristic step of reducing the ray mapping's curl to improve adherence to surface integrability criteria. This Letter formally derives a quantitative estimate for the limitations of this approach in the collimated case and shows the key factors influencing the quality of the final optics.
LEDs are a promising alternative to existing illuminants for a wide range of lighting applications. Besides efficiency and high durability, the small light source dimensions compared to conventional light sources open up new possibilities in optical design. In many lighting setups, it is desired to realize a prescribed intensity distribution, for example homogeneous irradiance on a given area on a wall or floor. This can be realized using LEDs in combination with specially designed freeform lenses and/or mirrors. For high efficiency, it is necessary to collect at least 70 - 80 degrees half-angle (measured against the z axis) of the light that the LED emits into a 90 degree half-angle. This results in a lens that resembles a hemisphere. The numerical design problem thus requires a mathematical description that can handle such strongly curved surfaces with strongly varying surface slopes. Surface parametrizations with a rectangular topography, like e.g. Cartesian tensor p roduct B-splines, have severe drawbacks when handling such surfaces. We report on the use of an alternative surface approximation scheme that uses a triangular mesh. We describe an algorithm that optimizes the two surfaces of a lens for a wall washer that generates homogeneous irradiance on a wall area of 2.8 × 2.8 m2 while mounted to the ceiling. The homogeneity is better than 80% and the optical efficiency including Fresnel losses is about 85%
We present the investigation of nonlinear mirror modelocking (NLM) of a bounce amplifier laser. This technique, a potential rival to SESAM modelocking, uses a nonlinear crystal and a dichroic mirror to passively modelock a Nd:GdVO(4) slab bounce amplifier operating at 1063nm. At 11.3W, we present the highest power achieved using the NLM technique, using type-II phase-matched KTP, with a pulse duration of 57ps. Using type-I phase-matched BiBO, modelocking was achieved with a shorter pulse duration of 5.7ps at an average power of 7.1W.
The ever-increasing use of LED as a solid-state light source in general and specialized lighting has pushed the field of optics further for illumination towards sophistication and high precision. In this paper, we provide an overview of this domain, starting with a formulation of the underlying, fundamental mathematical problem, which in itself is not easily and directly solvable. We then describe various algorithms that have been developed as approximations for specialized cases, providing references to the relevant publications. Finally, two examples show the new possibilities in light shaping that have been made possible through the use of nonimaging freeform optics
We report on the development and experimental analysis of an LED lighting module for use in a high-end food lighting environment which puts high demands on color homogeneity and color rendering. The system is built from highly reflecting and partly scattering PVD coated metal reflector sheet that has limited deformability and uses RGBW LEDs. We develop an optical design that is adapted to allow for color mixing and to take into account manufacturing constraints and include this into a prototypical module. Results of measurements and field tests are in good agreement with simulations.
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