OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of a single nocturnal dose of 3 honey products (eucalyptus honey, citrus honey, or labiatae honey) to placebo (silan date extract) on nocturnal cough and difficulty sleeping associated with childhood upper respiratory tract infections (URIs). METHODS: A survey was administered to parents on 2 consecutive days, first on the day of presentation, when no medication had been given the previous evening, and the following day, when the study preparation was given before bedtime, based on a double-blind randomization plan. Participants included 300 children aged 1 to 5 years with URIs, nocturnal cough, and illness duration of ≤7 days from 6 general pediatric community clinics. Eligible children received a single dose of 10 g of eucalyptus honey, citrus honey, labiatae honey, or placebo administered 30 minutes before bedtime. Main outcome measures were cough frequency, cough severity, bothersome nature of cough, and child and parent sleep quality. RESULTS: In all 3 honey products and the placebo group, there was a significant improvement from the night before treatment to the night of treatment. However, the improvement was greater in the honey groups for all the main outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: Parents rated the honey products higher than the silan date extract for symptomatic relief of their children’s nocturnal cough and sleep difficulty due to URI. Honey may be a preferable treatment for cough and sleep difficulty associated with childhood URI.

Compared with the age-, height- and weight-matched controls, the children with a solitary kidney caused by URA had an elevated mean 24 h SBP. In contrast, those with UNX had mean 24 h blood pressure values similar to those of their controls. A rise in SBP was, however, seen in both groups during the daytime hours. Thus, the presence of a solitary kidney, for whatever reason, may be pathogenetically linked to a raised blood pressure, and this linkage may be more pronounced in URA. The delta increase in size of the remaining kidney may serve as a prognostic indicator of blood pressure elevation.

We found that the rate of VUR was lower in very low birth weight premature newborns than that reported in the medical literature among term newborns who developed UTI. VUR was less frequent in extremely low birth weight infants who developed UTI than in infants weighing 1001 to 1500 g.

Diluting milk formula with tap water containing a high concentration of sodium will result in the infant being fed a high-salt diet. To equilibrate with breast milk, formula should be diluted with low-salt water. Blood pressure in the neonate is increased by a high sodium intake via drinking water.

This study describes 10 cases of IgM nephropathy in whom the main morphological findings consisted of diffuse mesangial deposition of IgM and varying degrees of mesangial cell proliferation. In addition, focal segmental sclerosis was present in 1 patient and global sclerosis in another. An ill-defined electron-dense deposit was seen within the mesangial area in 1 case. Except for 1 patient, who had hematuria only, all suffered from nephrotic syndrome without deterioration of renal function. In view of the constant and characteristic finding of a diffuse mesangial IgM deposition, it is suggested that this form of nephropathy constitutes an entity separate from focal glomerulosclerosis or minimal change disease.

ABSTRACT. A 4-year-old Jewish boy presented with dysuria, urinary dribbling, increased urinary frequency, and new onset of diurnal enuresis. An infiltrating solid mass involving the entire bladder wall was found. Biopsy revealed "tumor-forming" eosinophilic cystitis, a rare bladder lesion of unclear cause. Antitoxocariasis treatment was unsuccessful. High-dose corticosteroids failed. The child's clinical condition and bladder sonographic findings continued to deteriorate. Treatment with cyclosporin A was given for 8 months, with a complete clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic cure and no side effects. Two years of follow-up showed a complete recovery. Pediatrics 2001;108(6). URL: http://www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/108/6/e113; cystitis, eosinophilic, cyclosporin A.E osinophilic cystitis is a rare disorder of the urinary bladder, characterized by extensive local eosinophilic infiltration of all layers of the bladder wall, probably induced by a regulatory disorder of the immune system. Many possible causes have been postulated; nevertheless, the exact mechanism of the disease still needs to be clarified. This uncommon entity was first reported almost 40 years ago 1,2 and can be encountered in any age group, although it seems to be more common in adults. Eosinophilic cystitis has a broad spectrum of clinical and pathologic manifestations, ranging from mild inflammatory cystitis to severe chronic or recurrent relentless inflammation. [3][4][5][6][7][8] This disorder eventually can progress to a complete fibrosis of the urinary bladder with secondary involvement of the rest of the urinary tract, resulting in obstructive nephropathy with variable degrees of renal insufficiency. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] We report a child who had severe progressive eosinophilic cystitis and did not respond to high-dose corticosteroid therapy and specific therapy for toxocariasis. Repeated bladder sonography suggested progressive reduction of the urinary bladder lumen with extensive fibrosis of the bladder wall. Longterm treatment with cyclosporin A resulted in clinical recovery with complete disappearance of the bladder eosinophilic infiltration. CASE REPORTA 4-year-old Jewish boy, who was born to a healthy mother of Turkish origin and a Moroccan father, had received a diagnosis of celiac disease. His 6-year-old sister was healthy. The patient was a term infant, appropriate for gestational age, and born after an uneventful pregnancy and delivery. Growth and development were normal. At age 1.5 years, he underwent a left orchidopexy for an undescended testis.He presented with a 2.5-month history of dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency, dribbling, and diurnal enuresis. Body temperature was normal. No abnormalities were detected in the physical examination. The laboratory results showed a white cell count of 12 000/ L with 32% neutrophils, 60% lymphocytes, 6% monocytes, and 2% eosinophils.Hemoglobin was 11.8 g/dL, and the red blood cell count was 4.54 ϫ 10 6 / L, with normal indices. Platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rat...

Subcutaneous fat necrosis (SCFN) of the newborn is an uncommon dermatologic disorder characterized by firm, palpable subcutaneous nodules or plaques with or without erythema. Despite its benign course, SCFN may become complicated by extracutaneous manifestations. Hypercalcemia is considered a rare complication, but it is potentially fatal if unrecognized. During the last several years therapeutic hypothermia (TH) became an essential new therapeutic modality for severe neonatal asphyxia. We report a neonate who presented with SCFN and hypercalcemia following hypothermia therapy for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and provide a review of the contemporary literature on the topic. We believe that this is important since the use of TH is rapidly increasing, and therefore, the possible side effects including SCFN and hypercalcemia may also become more prevalent. This prompts the need for awareness by treating physicians for this complication.

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