The objectives of this paper are to determine the significant factors that affect the capital structure of listed pharmaceutical firms in Bangladesh and to test the capital structure theories. To achieve the intended objectives a panel dataset including 8 major pharmaceutical firms were taken over the time period from 2009 to 2013. The collected data were analyzed by employing correlated panels corrected standard error model using six variables i.e. profitability, tangibility, growth, size, liquidity and operating leverage. Among the 6 variables tangibility, profitability and operating leverage were found to be statistically significant determinants of capital structure. Profitability, tangibility, growth and operating leverage are negatively related to the capital structure while size and liquidity are positively related to the capital structure of the pharmaceutical firms of Bangladesh. The empirical analysis finds that the static trade-off theory and the pecking order theory are the most dominant capital structure theories for the pharmaceutical firms of Bangladesh. These factors must be considered by the financial manager to determine the appropriate capital structure for the company to maximize value of the firm.
These days cyberattack is a serious criminal offense and it is a hotly debated issue moreover. A man-in-the-middle-attack is a kind of cyberattack where an unapproved outsider enters into an online correspondence between two users, remains escaped the two parties. The malware that is in the middle-attack often monitors and changes individual/classified information that was just realized by the two users. A man-in-the-middle-attack as a protocol is subjected to an outsider inside the system, which can access, read and change secret information without keeping any tress of manipulation. This issue is intense, and most of the cryptographic systems without having a decent authentication security are threatened to be hacked by the malware named 'men-in-themiddle-attack' (MITM/MIM). This paper essentially includes the view of understanding the term of 'men-in-the-middle-attack'; the current work is mainly emphasized to accumulate related data/information in a single article so that it can be a reference to conduct research further on this topic at college/undergraduate level. This paper likewise audits most cited research and survey articles on 'man-in-the-middle-attack' recorded on 'Google Scholar'. The motivation behind this paper is to help the readers for understanding and familiarizing the topic 'man-in-the-middle attack'.
Water pollution is one of the significant dangers to general wellbeing of Bangladesh. Drinking water quality is inadequately overseen and checked. Bangladesh positions at number 86 among 142 countries with respect to drinking water quality. Drinking water sources, both surface and groundwater are debased with coliforms, harmful metals and pesticides all through the nation. Different drinking water quality parameters set by WHO are every now and again damaged. Human wastes, transfer of civil and mechanical wastes and aimless use of agrochemicals in agribusiness are the principle factors affecting the water quality. Microbial and substance contaminations are the primary elements work solely or in mix for different general medical issues. This paper presents a detailed layout of water quality in Bangladesh with unique inflection on significant poisons, sources and causes of pollution. The information introduced in this paper are extracted from different surveys and reports distributed in national and global journals; likewise reports discharged by the government and NGO associations are incorporated.
PurposeUnderdeveloped along with developing countries face enough crisis of human resources in high-tech industries. As a result, the amount of waste is higher along with less productivity. Highly qualified and smart employees are required as the term “Industry 4.0” introduces a lot of sophisticated and complex technologies that dominates productivity. But in those countries, to cope up with this terminology; neither the educational curriculum and method of teaching has been modified nor changed yet nor will be modified soon. So, the engineering students should be introduced with the aims and technologies of Industry 4.0 and its key technologies so that they can prepare themselves as highly skilled and qualified human resources besides academic courses.Design/methodology/approachThis article mainly depicts the causes of poor technical skills of the engineering students of Bangladesh and a new learning process has been proposed. The model proposed is basically inspired by Kaizen philosophy consisting of initiation, sharing and implementation cycles. The key aspects of human resource quality and the possibility of gaining innovative human resources for smart industries are given equal priority here. The prime factor to evaluate any learning outcome is quality and this research is a structured guideline to achieve sustainable quality education needed for “Industry 4.0” to engineering students.FindingsThis paper provides statistical analysis on “Fitness of undergraduate engineering students for Industry 4.0”. After applying the proposed methodology on 130 students from different public engineering institutes of Bangladesh, the significant improvement of effectiveness in learning various topics of “Industry 4.0” besides academic studies has justified the method to be a successful one measuring by the criteria for fitness of human resource. This research aims to clarify the sustainable and work-based learning goals and methods for Science, Technology, Engineering and Management (STEM) students and professional courses.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a research where the proposed methodology was applied upon academically enrolled engineering students and the result was very satisfactory. A sustainable learning strategy for developing professional skills from academic life can result in better productivity at the beginning of a career. However, this methodology can be applied for job holders or professionals besides their office hours thus it is the future scope of this research methodology.Originality/valueThis research represents the crucial factors related to technical education and skill development for the upcoming challenges and possible remedies needed for Industry 4.0. Therefore, students should become aware of their carrier challenges and the administration concerned for education to minimize the scarcity of skilled human resources needed for the Fourth Industrial revolution.
This research is to investigate the various parameters and conditions of implementing solar and wind energy in enginedriven three-wheelers. No reliable study of using both these energies in three-wheelers is found in the literature so far. In this article, a numerical study is conducted for using both these energies in a plugged-in hybrid three-wheeler. From the analysis, it is found that both the renewable energies will provide approximately 54% of total energy to run the vehicle altogether. A novel computational fluid dynamics simulation for a wind turbine is conducted to verify the theoretical results. Here the wind turbine blade has simple aerofoil look with sinusoidal leading edge and dimpled surface. The vehicle will not only reduce the pressure on fuel and national grid electricity; but, also will reduce the emission by a large amount. A custom drive cycle along with drive power demand is obtained using vehicle properties and city road conditions and comparing with Asian urban drive cycle. A detailed feasibility analysis of the vehicle is analyzed considering various costs, weight, and emissions, and a future researching infrastructure is also proposed. Finally, some recommendations are provided which can be considered for future research interests.
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