(2006) Phase II study on stereotactic body radiotherapy of colorectal metastases, Acta Oncologica, 45:7,[823][824][825][826][827][828][829][830]

The Microbial Database for Activated Sludge (MiDAS) field guide is a freely available online resource linking the identity of abundant and process critical microorganisms in activated sludge wastewater treatment systems to available data related to their functional importance. Phenotypic properties of some of these genera are described, but most are known only from sequence data. The MiDAS taxonomy is a manual curation of the SILVA taxonomy that proposes a name for all genus-level taxa observed to be abundant by large-scale 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of full-scale activated sludge communities. The taxonomy can be used to classify unknown sequences, and the online MiDAS field guide links the identity to the available information about their morphology, diversity, physiology and distribution. The use of a common taxonomy across the field will provide a solid foundation for the study of microbial ecology of the activated sludge process and related treatment processes. The online MiDAS field guide is a collaborative workspace intended to facilitate a better understanding of the ecology of activated sludge and related treatment processes—knowledge that will be an invaluable resource for the optimal design and operation of these systems.Database URL: http://www.midasfieldguide.org

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The diversity of the putative polyphosphate-accumulating genus Tetrasphaera in wastewater treatment systems with enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) was investigated using the full-cycle rRNA approach combined with microautoradiography and histochemical staining. 16S rRNA actinobacterial gene sequences were retrieved from different full-scale EBPR plants, and the sequences belonging to the genus Tetrasphaera (family Intrasporangiaceae) were found to form three clades. Quantitative FISH analyses of the communities in five full-scale EBPR plants using 10 new oligonucleotide probes were carried out. The results showed that the probe-defined Tetrasphaera displayed different morphologies and constituted up to 30% of the total biomass. It was shown that active uptake of orthophosphate and formation of polyphosphate took place in most of the probedefined Tetrasphaera populations. However, aerobic uptake of orthophosphate only took place after uptake of certain carbon sources under anaerobic conditions and these were more diverse than hitherto assumed: amino acids, glucose, and for some also acetate. Tetrasphaera seemed to occupy a slightly different ecological niche compared with 'Candidatus Accumulibacter' contributing to a functional redundancy and stability of the EBPR process.

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The viable and non-viable fractions of the bacterial community in a 2347-year-old permafrost soil from Spitsbergen were subjected to a comprehensive investigation using culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. LIVE/DEAD BacLight staining revealed that 26% of the total number of bacterial cells were viable. Quantitatively, aerobic microcolonies, aerobic colony-forming units and culturable anaerobic bacteria comprised a minor fraction of the total number of viable bacteria, which underlines the necessity for alternative cultivation approaches in bacterial cryobiology. Sulfate reduction was detected at temperatures between -2 degrees C and 29 degrees C while methanogenesis was not detected. Bacterial diversity was high with 162 operational taxonomic units observed from 800 16S rDNA clone sequences. The 158 pure cultures isolated from the permafrost soil affiliated with 29 different bacterial genera, the majority of which have not previously been isolated from permafrost habitats. Most of the strains isolated were affiliated to the genera Cellulomonas and Arthrobacter and several of the pure cultures were closely related to bacteria reported from other cryohabitats. Characterization of viable bacterial communities in permafrost soils is important as it will enable identification of functionally important groups together with the as yet undescribed adaptations that bacteria have evolved for surviving subzero temperatures for millennia.

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