-Today, and for the foreseeable future, organizations will face ever-increasing levels of complexity and uncertainty. Many believe that enterprise architecture (EA) will help organizations address such difficult terrain by guiding the design of adaptive and resilient enterprises and their information systems. This paper presents the "Grand Challenges" that we believe will challenge organizations in the future and need to be addressed by enterprise architecture. As a first step in using enterprise architecture as a solution for overcoming identified challenges, the Zachman Enterprise Architecture Framework is used to guide and structure the discussion. The paper presents the "Grand Challenges" and discusses promising theories and models for addressing them. In addition, current advances in the field of enterprise architecture that have begun to address the challenges will be presented. In conclusion, final thoughts on the future of enterprise architecture as a research field and a profession are offered.

Highlights• We propose a new paradigm for next generation enterprise information systems for the continuous alignment of business and IT for the agile enterprise.• The metamodelling approach supports both human-interpretable enterprise architecture models and machineinterpretable enterprise ontologies.• Semantic lifting transforms metamodels for the enterprise architectures into machine-interpretable enterprise ontologies.• Semantic metamodels express the semantics of all modelling concepts by an ontology. The ontology is extended by a metamodel, which defines the notation and syntax of the graphical modelling language.• Examples of next generation enterprise information systems are described, which embed modelling tools and algorithms for model analysis, identification of adaptation needs, and risk assessment.Abstract-The paper deals with Next Generation Enterprise Information Systems in the context of Enterprise Engineering. The continuous alignment of business and IT in a rapidly changing environment is a grand challenge for today's enterprises. The ability to react timeously to continuous and unexpected change is called agility and is an essential quality of the modern enterprise. Being agile has consequences for the engineering of enterprises and enterprise information systems. We propose a new paradigm for next generation enterprise information systems, which shifts the development approach of model-driven engineering to continuous adaptation of the agile enterprise. We propose a metamodeling approach, which supports both humaninterpretable representations, i.e. graphical models, and machine-interpretable representations, namely enterprise ontologies. Furthermore, we describe next generation enterprise information systems, which embed modeling tools and algorithms for model analysis.Keywords-Enterprise Engineering, Enterprise Architecture, Enterprise Ontology, Metamodeling Topic-Engineering the agile enterprise, embedding enterprise architecture and enterprise ontology into information systems 2

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Abstract.A layered architecture for the Semantic Web that adheres to software engineering principles and the fundamental aspects of layered architectures will assist in the development of Semantic Web specifications and applications. The most well-known versions of the layered architecture that exist within literature have been proposed by BernersLee. It is possible to indicate inconsistencies and discrepancies in the different versions of the architecture, leading to confusion, as well as conflicting proposals and adoptions by the Semantic Web community. A more recent version of a Semantic Web layered architecture, namely the CFL architecture, was proposed in 2007 by Gerber, van der Merwe and Barnard [23], which adheres to software engineering principles and addresses several of the concerns evident from previous versions of the architecture. In this paper we evaluate this recent architecture, both by scrutinising the shortcomings of previous architectures and evaluating the approach used for the development of the latest architecture. Furthermore, the architecture is applied to usage scenarios to evaluate the usefulness thereof.

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The response of activated sludge following exposure to various organic compounds is decribed. Batch systems simulating the various stages of biological nutrient removal processes were used to study the dependence of phosphate release, enhanced phosphate uptake and denitrification on the nature and level of organic substrate, and the presence or absence of nitrate. The phenomenon of phosphate release is shown to be controlled primarily by the nature of the substrate rather than the creation of an anaerobic state. Certain short-chain fatty acids or their salts, such as acetate and propionate, induce phosphate release even under anoxic or aerobic conditions but with compounds such as ethanol and glucose release occurs only after the onset of anaerobiosis. Given the necessary conditions, the time course of phosphate concentration in initially anoxic mixtures of phosphate-rich sludge and short-chain fatty acids is shown to proceed in three consecutive stages, comprising primary release, anoxic uptake and secondary release respectively. It is concluded that phosphate uptake and release occur simultaneously in the presence of fatty acids, which also render the best overall phosphate removal during aeration.

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