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BackgroundWork-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) represent a major public health problem and economic burden to employers, workers and health insurance systems. This systematic review had two objectives: (1) to analyze the cost-benefit results of organizational-level ergonomic workplace-based interventions aimed at preventing WMSD, (2) to explore factors related to the implementation process of these interventions (obstacles and facilitating factors) in order to identify whether economic results may be due to a successful or unsuccessful implementation.MethodsSystematic review. Studies were searched in eight electronic databases and in reference lists of included studies. Companion papers were identified through backward and forward citation tracking. A quality assessment tool was developed following guidelines available in the literature. An integration of quantitative economic results and qualitative implementation data was conducted following an explanatory sequential design.ResultsOut of 189 records, nine studies met selection criteria and were included in our review. Out of nine included studies, grouped into four types of interventions, seven yielded positive economic results, one produced a negative result and one mixed results (negative cost-effectiveness and positive net benefit). However, the level of evidence was limited for the four types of interventions given the quality and the limited number of studies identified. Our review shows that among the nine included studies, negative and mixed economic results were observed when the dose delivered and received by participants was low, when the support from top and/or middle management was limited either due to limited participation of supervisors in training sessions or a lack of financial resources and when adequacy of intervention to workers’ needs was low. In studies where economic results were positive, implementation data showed strong support from supervisors and a high rate of employee participation.ConclusionStudies investigating the determinants of financial outcomes of prevention related to implementation process are very seldom. We recommend that in future research economic evaluation should include information on the implementation process in order to permit the interpretation of economic results and enhance the generalizability of results. This is also necessary for knowledge transfer and utilization of research results for prevention-oriented decision-making in occupational health and safety.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-017-4935-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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« L'analogie, dans les cas les plus composés, n'est qu'une règle de trois qui s'exécute dans l'instrument sensible. Si tel phénomène connu en nature est suivi de tel autre phénomène connu en nature, quel sera le quatrième phénomène conséquent à un troisième, ou donné par la nature, ou imaginé à l'imitation de nature ? Si la lance d'un guerrier ordinaire a dix pieds de long, quelle sera la lance d'Ajax ? Si je puis lancer une pierre de quatre livres, Diomède doit remuer un quartier de rocher. Les enjambées des dieux et les bonds de leurs chevaux seront dans le rapport imaginé des dieux à l'homme. C'est une quatrième corde harmonique et proportionnelle à trois autres dont l'animal attend la résonance qui se fait toujours en lui-même […]. » Diderot, Le Rêve de d'Alembert 1. C OMMENCER PAR DIDEROT, et pas même par un conte de Diderot, les Bijoux indiscrets ou l'Oiseau blanc, conte bleu, plutôt que par Voltaire, dont le corpus de contes philosophiques semble d'emblée approprié à la question de la conjonction des savoirs et du conte, peut paraître, de prime abord, inadéquat. Pourtant, Diderot est pour notre propos, un penseur précieux : celui qui déclame « Nous touchons au moment d'une grande révolution dans les sciences 2 » postule que le raisonnement analogique est le fondement et même la seule voie de la découverte scientifi que et philosophique. Le Rêve de d'Alembert présente ainsi, conjointement, (et tisse et entrelace et entortille) deux systèmes de références, deux traditions, deux modèles de pensée, cognitif et imaginaire : la science nouvelle ou plutôt le discours scientifi que nouveau réclame l'usage

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