The increasing number of disruptions to critical infrastructure, like natural disasters, terrorist attacks or internal failure is today a major problem of society. Concern is even greater when considering the interconnected nature of critical infrastructure, which might lead to failure propagation, causing domino and cascade effects. To mitigate such outcomes, critical infrastructure must recover its capacity to function with regard to several criteria. Stakeholders must therefore analyse and improve the resilience of critical infrastructure before any disruption occurs, and base this analysis on different models so as to guarantee society's vital needs. Current resilience assessment methods are mainly oriented toward the context of a single system, thus narrowing their criteria metrics, limiting flexibility and adaptation to other contexts and overlooking the interconnected nature of systems. This article introduces a new tool-equipped approach that makes it possible to define a model to evaluate the functionalities of interconnected systems. The model is then used to assess the resilience of these systems based on simple and generic criteria that can be extended and adapted. Several assertions related to the concept of resilience and some resilience indicators are also introduced. A case study provides the validation performed by experts from several domains.

This work is part of a project for evaluating catastrophic tank failures caused by impacts with a high-speed solid body. Previous studies on shock overpressure and drag events have provided analytical predictions, but they are not sufficient to explain ejection of liquid from the tank. This study focuses on the hydrodynamic behavior of the liquid after collision to explain subsequent ejection of liquid. The study is characterized by use of high-velocity projectiles and analysis of projectile dynamics in terms of energy loss to tank contents. New tests were performed at two projectile velocities (963 and 1255 m s(-1)) and over a range of viscosities (from 1 to 23.66 mPa s) of the target liquid. Based on data obtained from a high-speed video recorder, a phenomenological description is proposed for the evolution of intense pressure waves and cavitation in the target liquids.

After the adoption of the European Floods Directive in 2007, Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment (EPRI) was carried out in 2011 in France. It highlighted the protection of road infrastructures from flood hazards as an important part of the flood risks management. Assessing infrastructures' resilience by indicators helps urban stakeholders to better understand infrastructures facing flood risks. In order to achieve that, many French public and private institutions discuss relevant assessment indicators in wide varieties of documents, which can be defined as operational indicators. Some of these operational indicators are applied in practical local management, which we call practical indicators. This paper will present an approach to identify French practical and operational indicators of road infrastructures resilience to flood risks. We will also demonstrate how operational indictors can usefully serve as practical indicators in using Nantes Ring Road (NRR) network as the case study. Moreover, French multi-scales involved institutions (like national, regional, departmental and local) will be discussed to describe the national management structure.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Towards A Serious Game Within the Frame of Major Crisis Simulations for Decision-makers: How Do We Connect the DOTs? IntroductionSerious games and simulation-based learning exercises are useful training approaches in crisis management. When major crises occur, organizations face critical concerns, such as stress, uncertainties, and the need for quick anticipation and better communication in order to mitigate consequences or avoid negative impacts on high-stake elements. Many factors are critical in a training environment to ensure that effective learning occurs, mainly experience improvement, engagement and immersion, and realism. In a previous piece of work, a set of recommendations was proposed to specify the main components of an improved training environment (Tena-Chollet et al. 2016b). More specifically, we proposed to consider 10 DOTs (Degrees of Training). These DOTs are structured in general, intermediate and specific skills that must be involved in each crisis scenario. In this chapter, we show how to connect the DOTs. To do so, we transpose our previous specifications to the technical requirements of a real semi-virtual training environment (SVTE), Chapter written by Florian TENA-CHOLLET, Aurélia BONY-DANDRIEUX, and Jérôme TIXIER.