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The increasing number of disruptions to critical infrastructure, like natural disasters, terrorist attacks or internal failure is today a major problem of society. Concern is even greater when considering the interconnected nature of critical infrastructure, which might lead to failure propagation, causing domino and cascade effects. To mitigate such outcomes, critical infrastructure must recover its capacity to function with regard to several criteria. Stakeholders must therefore analyse and improve the resilience of critical infrastructure before any disruption occurs, and base this analysis on different models so as to guarantee society's vital needs. Current resilience assessment methods are mainly oriented toward the context of a single system, thus narrowing their criteria metrics, limiting flexibility and adaptation to other contexts and overlooking the interconnected nature of systems. This article introduces a new tool-equipped approach that makes it possible to define a model to evaluate the functionalities of interconnected systems. The model is then used to assess the resilience of these systems based on simple and generic criteria that can be extended and adapted. Several assertions related to the concept of resilience and some resilience indicators are also introduced. A case study provides the validation performed by experts from several domains.

Design patterns and architecture patterns have been considerably promoted by software engineering. The software oriented tools and methods have been adapted for Systems Engineering, conforming to the model driven engineering paradigm proposed by the Object Management Group. However, designers of complex socio-technical systems have specific concerns, which differ from those of software designers. We propose a method of pattern implementation for Systems Engineering, based on a functional approach and relying on formal conceptual foundations in the form of a meta-model, which can be used for the management, application, and cataloguing of patterns specific to the field of Systems Engineering. A pattern instance in the field of control systems is proposed as an example application.

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The increasing complexity of enterprise systems requires a more advanced analysis about the representation of services expected than is currently possible. Consequently, the specification stage, which could be facilitated by formal verification, becomes very important to the system life cycle. This paper presents a formal modelling approach, which may be used in order to better represent the reality of the system and to verify the awaited or existing system's properties, taking into account the environmental characteristics. For that, we firstly propose a formalization process based upon properties specification, and secondly we use Conceptual Graphs operations to develop reasoning mechanisms of verifying requirements statements. The graphic visualization of these reasoning enables us to correctly capture the system specifications by making easier to determine if desired properties hold. It is applied to the field of the Enterprise modelling.

Increasing competition on markets induces a vital need for companies to improve their efficiency and reactivity. For this, a solution is to deploy, improve and manage their processes while paying a special attention on the abilities of the resources those involve. Particularly, the interoperability of the latter is considered in this article as a challenge conditioning the success of the deployment. Consequently, this paper presents a methodology to assess interoperability of people, material resources and organisation units involved or that could be involved in a process, all along the deployment effort. This methodology is usable for prevention, detection and correction of interoperability problems.