As variações nas funções termodinâmicas energia de Gibbs, entalpia e entropia para os processos de solução de uma série de sulfonamidas em cicloexano foram determinadas nas temperaturas de 20,0 a 40,0 °C. A energia de Gibbs de excesso e os coeficientes de atividade destes solutos também foram calculados. Estes resultados são discutidos em termos de interações soluto-solvente nestes sistemas.The thermodynamic functions Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of solution in cyclohexane, were evaluated from solubility data for a group of sulfonamides over the temperature range from 20.0 to 40.0 °C. The excess Gibbs energy and the activity coefficients of the solutes were also determined. The results are discussed in terms of solute-solvent interactions.

The thermodynamics of partitioning of some structurally related sulfonamides have been determined in 1‐octanol–aqueous buffer and liposome systems. The partition coefficients were approximately tenfold higher in liposomes compared with 1‐octanol. The enthalpies of transfer from aqueous media to organic systems were positive in liposomes but negative or positive in 1‐octanol, whereas the entropies of transfer were positive in almost all cases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Funding The research leading to these results or outcomes has received funding from the European Horizon 2020 Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under Grant Agreement no. 778048-Scale-up of Prevention and Management of Alcohol Use Disorders and Comorbid Depression in Latin America (SCALA). Participant organisations in SCALA can be seen at: www. scalaproject. eu. The views expressed here reflect those of the authors only and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The Funder was not involved in the study design. The funder will not be involved in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data and preparations of any publication. Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting or dissemination plans of this research. Refer to the Methods section for further details. Patient consent for publication Not required. Ethics approval The Ethics Committee of the Technical University of Dresden gave final ethical approval for the SCALA project on 12 April 2019, EK90032018.

Viruses play a primary role as etiological agents of pandemics worldwide. Although there has been progress in identifying the molecular features of both viruses and hosts, the extent of the impact these and other factors have that contribute to interspecies transmission and their relationship with the emergence of diseases are poorly understood. The objective of this review was to analyze the factors related to the characteristics inherent to RNA viruses accountable for pandemics in the last 20 years which facilitate infection, promote interspecies jump, and assist in the generation of zoonotic infections with pandemic potential. The search resulted in 48 research articles that met the inclusion criteria. Changes adopted by RNA viruses are influenced by environmental and host-related factors, which define their ability to adapt. Population density, host distribution, migration patterns, and the loss of natural habitats, among others, have been associated as factors in the virus–host interaction. This review also included a critical analysis of the Latin American context, considering its diverse and unique social, cultural, and biodiversity characteristics. The scarcity of scientific information is striking, thus, a call to local institutions and governments to invest more resources and efforts to the study of these factors in the region is key.

Background : While primary health care-based prevention and management of heavy drinking is clinically effective and cost-effective, it remains poorly implemented in routine practice. Systematic reviews and multi-country studies have demonstrated the ability of training and support programmes for healthcare professionals to increase primary health care-based measurement and brief advice activity to reduce heavy drinking. However, gains have been only modest and short term at best. WHO studies have concluded that a more effective uptake could be achieved by embedding primary health care activity within broader municipal-based support. Methods : A quasi-experimental study will compare primary health care-based prevention and management of heavy drinking in three intervention municipal areas from Colombia, Mexico and Peru with three comparator municipal areas from the same countries. In the implementation municipal areas, primary health care units will receive training embedded within ongoing supportive municipal action over an 18-month implementation test period. In the comparator municipal areas, half the units will receive training, and the other half will continue with practice as usual. The primary outcome is the proportion of the adult population (aged 18+ years) registered with the unit that has their alcohol consumption measured. Return-on-investment analyses and full process evaluation will be undertaken, coupled with an analysis of potential contextual, financial and political-economy influencing factors. Discussion : This multi-country study will test the extent to which embedding primary health care-based prevention and management of heavy drinking within supportive municipal action leads to improved scale-up of more patients having their alcohol consumption measured, and subsequently receiving appropriate advice and treatment.