RESUMEN Los principales objetivos de la investigación fueron detectar en función con la edad, la prevalencia de los genotipos de alto y bajo riesgo oncogénico de virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en muestras cervicales de las mujeres en los catorce cantones de la provincia de Azuay. El proyecto abarcó el diagnóstico histopatológico de las lesiones cervicales intraepiteliales y la relación de los genotipos encontrados, con los factores de riesgo y las vacunas existentes que se utilizan como medida de prevención de cáncer de cuello uterino. Fueron examinadas muestras de frotis cervicales de una población aleatoria de 500 mujeres con la prueba de Papanicolaou (Pap), usando la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (PCR). El estudio reveló una prevalencia de VPH de 25.6%; 4.8% genotipos oncogénicos de bajo riesgo y el 20.8% genotipos oncogénicos de alto riesgo respectivamente, y sólo en el grupo de edad de 20 a 29 años, una significativa prevalencia mayor de los genotipos de alto riesgo 31 y 66 (p<0.05). Las células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado (ASCUS) representan el 7% y la lesión intraepitelial escamosas de bajo grado (LIEBG) 1.8%. Por otra parte no se identificaron lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales de alto grado. De la población encuestada 2.8% de las mujeres poseen genotipos virales que son tratables por las vacunas distribuidas por el Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP). Palabras clave: VPH, PCR, genotipo, riesgo oncogénico, muestra cervical.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as the main etiological factor in the developing of cervical cancer (CC). This finding has propitiated the development of vaccines that help to prevent the HPVs 16 and 18 infection. Both genotypes are associated with 70% of CC worldwide. In the present study, we aimed to determine the emergence of high-risk nonvaccine HPV after actual vaccination scheme to estimate the impact of the current HPV vaccines. A SIR-type model was used to study the HPV dynamics after vaccination. According to the results, our model indicates that the application of the vaccine reduces infection by target or vaccine genotypes as expected. However, numerical simulations of the model suggest the presence of the phenomenon called vaccine—induced pathogen strain replacement. Here, we report the following replacement mechanism: if the effectiveness of cross-protective immunity is not larger than the effectiveness of the vaccine, then the high-risk nonvaccine genotypes emerge. In this scenario, further studies of infection dispersion by HPV are necessary to ascertain the real impact of the current vaccines, primarily because of the different high-risk HPV types that are found in CC.

This research presents an immersive virtual laboratory for cellular study and microscopy utilizing Virtual Reality (VR) technologies. This project entails a thorough examination of the operation of a real-world microscope, followed by replicating its functionalities within a virtual environment. We strive to create an engaging and pedagogically sound learning experience by incorporating multi-modal cues and interactive activities. Our developed virtual laboratory exhibits a variety of cell types—including human, animal, and plant cells—enabling learners to visualize and manipulate these cells. Our research highlights the effectiveness of user-friendly, intuitive interfaces in enhancing cellular visualization.Additionally, the system features interactive educational activities, such as puzzles and games, designed to promote a deeper understanding and long-term retention of cellular components. We also implemented strategies to mitigate VR-induced side effects, like motion sickness, ensuring a smooth learning experience. The resulting immersive laboratory protects students from the risk of damaging physical equipment and promotes a robust understanding of the subject matter. This paper offers valuable insights into the development of a practical virtual laboratory, acting as a helpful guide for future educational VR applications.

The Tantalus Oscillator is a non linear hydrodynamic oscillator with an attractive limit cycle. In this study we pursue the construction of a biparametric bifurcation diagram for the Tantalus Oscillator under biphasics perturbations. That is the first time that this kind of diagram is built for this kind of oscillator under biphasics perturbations. Results show that biphasic perturbations have no effect when the coupling time is chosen over a wide range of values. This modifies the bifurcation diagram obtain under monophasics perturbations. Now we have the appearance of periodic increment Big Bang Bifurcations. The theoretical results are in excellent agreement with experimental observations.