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This paper estimates the impact of spousal bereavement on hospital inpatient use for the surviving bereaved by following the experience of 94,272 married Scottish individuals from 1991 until 2009 using a difference-in-difference model. We also consider the sample selection issues related to differences in survival between the bereaved and non-bereaved using a simple Cox Proportional-Hazard model. Before conducting these estimations, propensity score approaches are used to re-weight the non-bereaved to generate a more random-like comparison sample for the bereaved. We find that those bereaved who survive are both more likely to be admitted and to stay longer in hospital than a comparable non-bereaved cohort. Bereavement is estimated to induce on average an extra 0.24 (95% CI [0.15, 0.33]) hospital inpatient days per year. Similar to previous studies, we estimate the bereaved have a 19.2% (95% CI [12.5%, 26.3%]) higher mortality rate than the comparable non-bereaved cohort.

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Background: Perinatal mental health is a substantial concern for women, families, communities and maternity care providers internationally. However, there is little understanding of poor perinatal maternal mental health and association with women's experiences of childbirth. Further understanding of psychosocial-spiritual experiences in childbirth and subsequent perinatal mental health is required.Aim: To systematically identify and synthesise the range of evidence available on psychosocial-spiritual experiences around childbirth and foreground possible associations with subsequent perinatal mental health outcomes.Method: Integrated analysis of a range of literature types including experimental, nonexperimental and theoretical was undertaken. A comprehensive search strategy was created, and nine databases were searched from 2000-2018. Defined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied independently by two reviewers. Critical appraisal was carried out independently by two reviewers and a third reviewer was brought in to resolve differences.The Ecology of Childbirth conceptual framework guided the review. Findings: Six articles were included and four synthesised themes were developed: relationships and kinship matter; significance of childbirth and spiritual experiences; honouring spiritual growth and wellbeing, and physical manifestations and embodiment. Discussion of the themes using the Ecology of Childbirth framework highlight new perspectives and reveal phenomena lying within and beyond childbirth experiences that may influence perinatal mental health. A new conceptual model is proposed. Conclusions: New insights highlight a paucity of research in the area of perinatal mental health and psychosocial-spiritual childbirth experiences. Further research needs to include 2 postnatal mood disorders and the possible associations with psychosocial-spiritual experiences.

The interview study described here aimed to explore current views of and practice in bereavement care and identify priorities for service development in Scotland. Fifty-nine participants who worked with the bereaved in some way, or whose interest was in bereavement or bereavement care, were interviewed. They represented National Health Service organizations, chaplaincy departments, educational institutions, academic departments, voluntary groups, and other related bodies, such as funeral directors. Transcripts were read repeatedly and initial emerging themes were identified, coded and shared between research team members to reach a consensus for key themes. Priority areas for development were related to raising public awareness, coordination of services, guidance, and professional education.

Objective: The objective of this scoping review was to examine and map the evidence relating to the reporting and evaluation of technologies for the prevention and detection of falls in adult hospital inpatients.Introduction: Falls are a common cause of accidental injury, leading to a significant safety issue in hospitals globally, and resulting in substantial human and economic costs. Previous research has focused on community settings with less emphasis on hospital settings to date. Inclusion criteria: Participants included adult inpatients, aged 18 years and over; Concept included the use of fall prevention or detection technologies; Context included any hospital ward setting. Methods: This scoping review was conducted according to Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews, guided by an a-priori protocol. A wide selection of databases including Medline, CINAHL, AMED, EmBASE, PEDro, Epistimonikos, and Science Direct were searched for records from inception to October 2019. Other sources included grey literature, trial registers, government health department websites and websites of professional bodies. Only studies in the English language were included. A three-step search strategy was employed with all records exported for subsequent title and abstract screening, prior to full text screening. Screening was performed by two independent reviewers and data extraction by one reviewer following agreement checks. Data is presented in narrative and tabular form.Results: Over 13,000 records were identified with 404 included in the scoping review: 336 reported on fall prevention technologies, 51 targeted detection and 17 concerned both. The largest contributions of studies came from the USA (n=185), Australia (n=65), UK (n=36) and Canada (n=18).There was a variety of study designs including 77 prospective cohort studies, 33 before-after studies and a large number of systematic reviews (n=35). However, relatively few randomised controlled trials were conducted (n=25). The majority of records reported on multifactorial and multicomponent technologies (n=178), followed by fall detection devices (n=86). Few studies reported on the following interventions in isolation: fall risk assessment (n=6), environment design (n=8), sitters (n=5), rounding (n=3), exercise (n=3), medical/pharmaceutical (n=2), physiotherapy (n=1) and nutritional (n=1). The majority (56%) of studies reported clinical effectiveness outcomes with smaller numbers (14%) reporting feasibility and/or acceptability outcomes, or cost-effectiveness outcomes (5%). Conclusions:This review has mapped the literature on falls prevention and detection technology and outcomes for adults in the hospital setting. Despite the volume of available literature, there remains a need for further high-quality research on fall prevention and detection technologies.

(i) Healthcare staff may identify gaps in services in terms of preparing relatives and follow-up post-bereavement; (ii) Therapeutic relationships between staff and relatives enable ongoing support; (iii) Development of practice guidelines is a key consideration.