Objectives Craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is a unique, mobile and complicated component of our spine which necessitates specific study pertaining to its structure as well as pathologies. This study aims to report the normative data detailing the CVJ anatomy among the rural population of Central India which would help us in understanding the joint dynamics. Materials and Methods A retrospective observational study was undertaken in the Department of Neurosurgery and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Maharashtra, from December 2018 to May 2019. A total of 255 head injury patients with a normal CT brain cervical spine were included in this study. Anterior and posterior atlantodental interval (AADI/PADI), clivus length (CL), foramen magnum diameter (FMD), Boogard’s and basal angle (BOO & BA) were measured and analyzed. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 2016. A web-based, open source application known as OpenEpi.com (version 3.01) was used for applying unpaired t-test. Results This study had a mean age of 42.9 years. The difference in mean value of AADI between male and female population was not found to be statistically significant, while in case of PADI, CL, FMD, BOO and BA, it was found to be significant (p < 0.05). On comparison of cases with age ≤ 20 years and > 20 years, we found the difference in values of ADI, CL and FMD to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion Although there are some similarities, namely, AADI measurements as compared with other studies, there are differences in cutoff values of other parameters. Being a major draining reference center for rural population in India, this data can be extrapolated to a similar population for reference.

Introduction: Blindness and Vision impairment cause significant morbidity amongst Indian population. According to WHO estimates, about 20.5 % people in India are categorized as blind while 22.2 % people have low vision. The orbital masses owing to the small anatomical volume of orbit can cause devastating consequences. Ultrasound and colour doppler are useful in analysis of orbital masses with real time evaluation, excellent soft tissue resolution, localisation, and benign or malignant nature of masses. This study evaluates the role of ultrasound in orbital masses. Aim: To study the role of ultrasound in evaluation and identification of orbital masses. Study design & settings: Prospective observational study in ultrasound unit of a rural hospital in central India. Materials and methods: A total of 316 consenting patients were studied for 1 year using high frequency linear and curved probes. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (IBM Inc.) Results: Out of the 316 patients, total 15 cases were identified to have orbital masses. Most common orbital mass lesions observed were lacrimal gland tumours. Most of the masses were extraconal in location and most common ultrasound appearance of the lesions was solid with most of the malignant masses showing vascularity on colour doppler imaging. Conclusion: Ultrasound can identify and characterize orbital masses based on appearance and echotexture with accurate localisation. It is cheap and easily available with no radiation hazards Pre-operative ultrasound and Colour Doppler evaluation of orbit can help in predicting prognosis of the disease

Introduction: Evans index (EI) and Bicaudate index (BCI) are practical markers of ventricular volume and are helpful radiological markers in the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Worldwide, variation exists in normative studies for both these indices. Most of the studies conducted for EI and BCI are based on the Western population data. No study has been performed on the rural population of Central India. The purpose of this study is to develop normative data on EI and BCI that can be extrapolated for future reference. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted from December 2018 to May 2019 in MGIMS Hospital, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India, which is a rural hospital in Central India. All patients with either a head injury or neurological complaints although with normal computed tomography (CT) brain were included in the study. Patients with diagnosed neurological disorder, clinical features suggesting hydrocephalus, or intracranial pathology on CT brain were excluded from the study. Five hundred and eleven patients were selected for this study, and EI and BCI was calculated for them. Results: The mean value of EI and BCI in our study was 0.2707 and 0.1121, respectively. Both indices showed a statistically significant difference between males and females. The value of both indices increased with age. Conclusion: Although our study is in agreement with the cutoff value of EI to diagnose dilated lateral ventricles as 0.3 for age <70 years, cutoff value of EI for the older population should be reconsidered to 0.34.