The palladium-catalyzed oxidative vinylation of indole-3-carboxylic acids with alkenes effectively proceeds via directed C-H functionalization and decarboxylation to produce the corresponding 2-vinylated indoles. Similarly, pyrrole-, furan-, and thiophenecarboxylic acids also undergo decarboxylative vinylation.

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We study the broadening effect of probing pulse light on the apparent attenuation of the Brillouin oscillation measured with picosecond ultrasonics. We observe experimentally that the attenuation of the Brillouin oscillation is sensitive to the bandwidth, and the apparent attenuation coefficient increases as the bandwidth increases, being far from the intrinsic attenuation coefficient. Theoretical calculation is performed to reconstruct the observed oscillations, and it is confirmed that there are several factors affecting the apparent attenuation in addition to the bandwidth. We finally propose equations that deduce the contribution of the broadening to the apparent attenuation of the Brillouin oscillation.

For visualizing propagation of an acoustic wave and evaluating the local sound velocity in micro/nano-meter structures, confocal picosecond ultrasonics is developed. In conventional picosecond ultrasonics, the measurement of local sound velocity was difficult, and macroscopic sound velocity and elastic properties were measured. However, in confocal picosecond ultrasonics, a confocal laser-scanning microscope is embedded in the optics of the picosecond ultrasonics, and the depth resolution is improved. Using the developed optics, we successfully observed propagation of an acoustic wave in thin film. In this paper, the optics we developed and the experimental results on silica film are reported.