Older adults with incontinence can actively participate in the society when they have desire to interact with others, willingness to perform physical exercise, and confidence in managing incontinence. These psychological characteristics are important for being resilient in the face of incontinence and for active social participation.
Being homebound is less prevalent among those who feel challenges, or worthy of investment or engagement in daily life. By improving a sense of meaningfulness, homebound status might be improved among older adults with urinary incontinence. To encourage active social participation of the target population, their psychological resilience (particularly meaningfulness) should be addressed more.
In this article, the optimal control problem for nitrogen oxide emission reduction is investigated for diesel engines with a lean nitrogen oxide trap. First, a control-oriented model is developed based on conservation laws. Then, the optimal control problem is formulated as a multistage decision problem and solved using a dynamic programming algorithm under dynamical model constraints. A trade-off between fuel economy and nitrogen oxide emission is considered in the cost function of optimization. To demonstrate the obtained optimal control scheme, the parameters of the lean nitrogen oxide trap model are identified with data obtained from a GT-power-based diesel engine simulator. The numerical simulation results for two standard driving cycles and a stochastically generated driving cycle in comparison to a conventional logic-based control scheme are provided using the identified model in the MATLAB/Simulink platform.
We present an overview of the preliminary design of the Telescope Structure System (STR) of Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). NAOJ was given responsibility for the TMT STR in early 2012 and engaged Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (l 1 v1ELCO) to take over the preliminary design work. MELCO performed a comprehensive preliminary design study in 2012 and 2013 and the design successfully passed its Preliminary Design Review (PDR) in November 2013 and April 2014. Design optimizations were pursued to better meet the design requirements and improvements were made in t he designs of many of the telescope subsystems as follows:1. 6-legged Top End configuration to support secondary mirror (M2) in order to reduce deformation of the Top End and to keep the same 4% blockage of the full aperture as the previous STR design.2. "Double Lower Tube" of the elevation (EL) structure to reduce t he required stroke of the primary mirror (1tll) actuators to compensate the primary mirror cell (Ml Cell) deformation caused during the EL angle change in accordance with the requirements.3. Ml Segment Handling System (SHS) to be able to make removing and installing 10 Mirror Segment Assemblies per day safely and with ease over l:vll area where access of pers01mel is eA.i;remely difficult. This requires semi-automatic sequence operation and a robotic Segment Lifting Fh .. 'ture (SLF) designed based on the Compliance Control System, developed for controlling industrial robots, with a mechanism to enable precise control within the six degrees of freedom of posit ion control.4. C0 2 snow cleaning system to clean Ml every few weeks t hat is similar to t he mechanical system that has been used at Subaru Telescope.5. Seismic isolation and restraint systems with respect to safety; the maximtun acceleration allowed for Ml , M2, tertiary mirror (M3), LGSF, and science instruments in 1,000 year return period eaTthquakes are defined in the requirements.The Seismic requirements apply to any EL angle, regardless of t he operational st atus of Hydro Static Bearing (HSB) system and stow lock pins. In order to find a practical solut ion, design optimization study for seismic risk mitigation was carried out eA.i;ensively, including the performing of dynamic response analyses of t he STR system under the t ime dependent acceleration profile of seven major earthquakes. The work is now moving to the final design phase from April 2014 for two years.
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