Abstract-This paper presents a framework to analyze the impact of different penetration levels of renewable generation sources (RES) and consequent reduction in inertia on grid frequency. The developed methodology is demonstrated using three operating conditions of the network. For each operating condition, the decrease in the network loading is balanced by disconnecting a part of synchronous generation. To establish the critical penetration levels of renewables and inertia limits for the grid frequency, the uncertainty of loads, intermittent and stochastic patterns of RES generation around each operating condition are simulated. The results clearly identify the critical penetration levels of RES and reduction in inertia limits of the system for frequency stability. In addition, the performed analysis quantifies the effect of primary frequency response and reduction in inertia on frequency nadir. The proposed framework is applied to the modified 16 machine and 68 bus network.
Abstract-The paper investigates the use of frequently discussed battery energy storage system (BESS) models for frequency regulation studies. Integration of a large number of renewable generation sources results in increased uncertainty in electric power generation, requiring, among the others, more frequency regulation services than before. The battery energy storage system models are compared and evaluated to assess their suitability for frequency regulation studies. The accuracy and complexity of BES models reported in the past are also discussed.
Index Terms-Battery energy storage systems, Load frequency control (LFC), Battery models
I. INTRODUCTIONhe operation of an electric power system is a complex process of forecasting the demand for electricity, and scheduling and operating a large number of power plants to meet that varying demand in real time. At every instant, electrical power generation should match power consumption to keep system frequency constant.The integration of renewable energy sources reduces the dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emission but increases variability and uncertainty in electric power generation. It is estimated that for every 10% wind penetration, a balancing power from other generation sources equivalent to 2% to 4% of the installed wind capacity is required for a stable power system operation [1]. Thus, with more penetration of intermittent renewables, the power system operation will become more complex and will require additional balancing power. As a result of this, there have been serious concerns over the safe and reliable operation of power systems with large penetration of renewable sources and reduction in conventional generation.Effective energy storage can match total generation to total load precisely on a second by second basis. Energy storage can facilitate load leveling for generators, load leveling for postponement of grid upgrade, frequency regulation, and power quality. Conventional generators may take several minutes or even hours to come online and will consume fuel
Abstract-This paper investigates the contribution of energy storage systems to the system frequency response in a large meshed transmission system. The case studies compare the contribution of two types of energy storage technologies, i.e., battery energy storage system (BESS) and flywheel energy storage system (FES), to improve frequency response in the test network. Case studies examine the effect of different type of disturbance on frequency response in the presence of each type of storage technology. The effect of one bulk energy storage and distributed energy storage systems of the same capacity on frequency response of the power system is also investigated.
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