Purpose:The purpose of the study was to measure the rate of non-compliance and the factors contributing to non-compliance among the diabetic patients in the Al Hasa region of Saudi Arabia.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Al Hasa region during the period of June 2010 to June 2011. Random sampling was carried out for the selection of 535 diabetic patients from three chronic disease centers in different parts of Al Hasa. The data were collected by means of interviewing questionnaires and file records. Any patient who had been prescribed optimum treatment and was properly advised on diet and exercise for his / her diabetes, but did not follow the medical advice, with Hb1AC of more than 7% at the time of interview, was considered as non-compliant.Results:The overall prevalence of therapeutic non-compliance of the participants was 67.9% (n = 318, 95% CI 63.59 – 72.02%). The non-compliance of males (69.34%) was higher than females (65.45%, P = .003). The non-compliance among the urban participants was significantly higher than (71.04 vs. 60.15%, P = .023) in the rural participants. There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence rate of non-compliance among the participants with different levels of education. Factors found to be significantly associated with non-compliance on bi-variate analysis were: female gender (OR = 1.90, CI =1.32-4.57),level of education (Illiteracy) (OR = 5.27, CI = 4.63 – 7.19), urban population (OR =5.22, CI= 3.65 – 8.22), irregularity of the follow-up (OR = 8.41, CI = 4.90 – 11.92), non-adherence to drug prescription (OR = 4.55 , CI = 3.54 – 5.56), non-adherence to exercise regimen (OR = 5.55, CI = 4.2 6 – 6.), insulin (OR = 1.29, CI = .71 – 1.87), and insulin with oral Metformin (OR = 1.20, CI = .65 – 1.75).Conclusion:The findings indicate that there is a high rate of non-compliance among the diabetes patients in the Al Hasa region of Saudi Arabia and there is a definite need for improvement in the healthcare system, health education, and training of diabetic patients.

Some 12.8 million in the age group 5–15 years are visually impaired from uncorrected or inadequately corrected refractive errors. In Saudi Arabia, the size of this public health problem is not well defined especially among primary schoolchildren. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among primary school children in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. A total of 2246 Saudi primary school children aged 6 to 14 years of both genders were selected using multistage sampling method form 30 primary schools located in the three different areas of Al Hassa. School children were interviewed to collect demographics and vision data using a special data collection form followed by screening for refractive errors by trained optometrists within the school premises using a standardized protocol. Assessment of visual acuity and ocular motility evaluation were carried out and cover-uncover test was performed. Children detected with defective vision were referred for further examination employing subjective refraction with auto refractometer and objective refraction using streak retinoscopy after 1% cyclopentolate. Of the screened school children (N=2002), the overall prevalence of refractive errors was 13.7% (n=274), higher among females (Odds ratio, OR=1.39, P=0.012) and significantly more among students of rural residence (OR=2.40, P=0.001). The prevalence of refractive errors was disproportionately more among those aged 12-14 years (OR=9.02, P=0.001). Only 9.4% of students with poor vision were wore spectacles for correction. Myopia was the most commonly encountered refractive error among both genders (65.7% of the total errors encountered). Uncorrected refractive errors affected a sizable portion of primary school children in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Primary schoolchildren especially females, rural and older children represents high risk group for refractive errors for which the included children were unaware.

Purpose:To evaluate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the urban and rural areas of Al Hasa region of Saudi Arabia and to determine risk factors related to DR.Materials and Methods:This study was conducted on patient attending primary health care centers between July 2007 and June 2009. A retrospective chart review was conducted on subjects with diabetes mellitus greater than 18 years old. Ophthalmologists examined DR status through dilated pupils by using direct, indirect, and slit lamp bio-microscopy. Frequencies, percentage, and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Odd’s ratio was used to associate DR with possible risk factors. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:The prevalence of DR among 473 diabetic subjects was 30% (95% CI: 25.80–34.20). The odd ratios (ORs) of DR among diabetic residing in an urban area was significantly higher than diabetics residing in rural areas [OR = 1.94 (95% CI of OR 0.82–2.89)]. DR was associated to the duration of diabetes (adjusted OR = 1.70), uncontrolled blood sugar level (adjusted OR = 1.96), hyperlipidemia (adjusted OR = 2.04), and hypercholesterolemia (adjusted OR = 2.80).Conclusions:DR appears to be a public health problem in the Al Hasa district of Saudi Arabia, and a planned approach is required to avoid severe visual impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus. Primary prevention and early detection could be implemented through primary health centers and non-ophthalmologists.

The eggs of the stored grain pests, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum (Duval) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) belonging to three age groups, 1, 2, and 3 days-old, were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation with 254nm wavelength (UV-C) for different durations to determine irradiation effects on egg-hatching and adult emergence. An increase in time of exposure to UV-rays caused a gradual decrease in the percentage of hatching of eggs in all age groups of eggs. No hatching occurred after 24 minutes of exposure in 2 and 3 day-old eggs of T. confusum. C. cautella eggs were less sensitive to UV-rays than were T. castaneum and T. confusum eggs. All the exposure periods significantly reduced the eclosion of adults in all the experimental insects. No adults emerged when 3 day-old eggs of T. castaneum were irradiated for 16 or 24 minutes, or from 2 and 3 day-old eggs T. confusum irradiated for 16 or 24 minutes.

Farmers in rural areas of almost all the districts of Bangladesh cultivate different varieties of edible plant karela to satisfy nutritional requirements. Herein, we report on the characteristics of seed oils and nutrients and mineral contents of seeds from three varieties of karela. Most of the physicochemical characteristics were significantly (P < 0.05) affected with the samples tested. Seed oils of all varieties displayed a higher degree of unsaturation and in GLC reported herein, only five fatty acids were identified. The profiles of fatty acid composition were not wholly similar in all varieties in which unsaturated fatty acids represented more than 72%, α-eleostearic acid having been detected in the amount of 50.36-53.22%. Acylglycerol classes were estimated to be monoacylglycerols (1.18-2.01%), diacylglycerols (1.83-2.98%), and triacylglycerols (91.11-93.03%) whereas lipid classes included neutral lipids (86.83-91.09%), glycolipids (4.37-7.43%), and phospholipids (3.22-4.62%). Of the major energy producing nutrients, all varieties contained large amounts of lipid (33.93-36.21%) and protein (18.23-21.36%), and potentially useful amounts of calcium (383.45-440.96 µg/g), iron (41.10-45.03 µg/g), and other essential minerals. The nutrient information presented in this report should stimulate the local public health authorities in Bangladesh to consider the question of recommending the vegetable karela to be consumed by adults and children alike in Bangladesh, including pregnant women and others with higher than normal nutritional requirements.

In singular spectrum analysis (SSA) window length is a critical tuning parameter that must be assigned by the practitioner. This paper provides a theoretical analysis of signal-noise separation and time series reconstruction in SSA that can serve as a guide to optimal window choice. We establish numerical bounds on the mean squared reconstruction error and present their almost sure limits under very general regularity conditions on the underlying data generating mechanism. We also provide asymptotic bounds for the mean squared separation error. Evidence obtained using simulation experiments and real data sets indicates that the theoretical properties are reflected in observed behaviour, even in relatively small samples, and the results indicate how, in practice, an optimal assignment for the window length can be made.

Background:The morbidity and mortality related to diabetes is a great global concern. The knowledge of chronic complications of diabetes and associated co morbidity factors is very important for formulating the necessary policies and action plan.Aims:To determine the prevalence of chronic complications and comorbidity among the type 2 diabetics attending the primary health care centers of Al Ahsa district of Saudi Arabia.Material and Methods:This cross sectional retrospective survey was carried out on 506 type 2 diabetic patients attending the different primary health care centers of ministry of health, Al Ahsa. Data regarding the co morbidity factors and chronic complications were recorded from the health records of the selected diabetic patients. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 16. A p<0.05 was considered significant for all statistical calculations.Results:Overall 72.72% (95% CI 69.78-74.45) of the study subjects were suffering from one or more complications of diabetic mellitus. Among them 33.39% (165) were suffering from single, 25.29% (128) with two and 15% (75) from more than two complications. The overall prevalence of complication among the female subjects was significantly higher than the male (78.16%, 95% CI 76.76-84.40 Vs 65.76%, 95% CI 61.63-69.89, p=.038). The chronic complication was higher among the urban population than the rural population (77.3% 95% CI 72.88-80.26 Vs 69.78% 95% CI 66.1%-76.92%, p=.035).Conclusion:The result showed a high percentage of chronic complications among the diabetic patients of this region. The high percentage of obesity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia among them are important co morbidity factors which if not controlled can cause further increase in the number of chronic complications.

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