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NBI is a simple and effective method for identifying bladder tumors including CIS without the need for dyes because of its high sensitivity, high NPV, and low NLR.

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What ' s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Radical cystectomy remains associated with comparatively high perioperative morbidity and mortality, despite improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative care. At present, most studies on the complications associated with open radical cystectomy were derived from Western academic high-volume centres, and data from Japan and other Asian countries were very limited.Using the modifi ed Clavien grading system and 11 category grouping reported from MSKCC, we observed that 68% of patients experienced at least one complication within 90 days of surgery, and 17% of patients experienced major complications (90-day mortality rate = 2%), which were compatible with reports from Western high-volume centres. As far as we know, our report is the largest one regarding perioperative morbidity and mortality in Asian patients who underwent radical cystectomy. OBJECTIVE• To determine the type, incidence and severity of 90-day morbidity after radical cystectomy in our institution and our affi liated hospitals in accordance with a standard reporting methodology. A t present, most studies on complications associated with open radical cystectomy are derived from W estern academic high-volume centres and data from J apan and other A sian countries remain very limited. PATIENTS AND METHODS• The study comprised a retrospective multi-institutional study.• The records were reviewed of 928 patients who underwent open radical cystectomy between 1997 and 2010.• All complications within 90 days of surgery were categorized into 11 specifi c categories and graded in accordance with the modifi ed C lavien system.• Multivariate regression models were used to determine predictors of complications. RESULTS• A t least one complication was observed in 635 (68%) patients and a major (grade 3-5) complication was observed in 156 (17%) patients.• The most common complication categories were infectious (30%), gastrointestinal (26%), wound-related (21%) and genitourinary (15%).• The 30-day mortality rate was 0.8% and the 90-day mortality rate was 2%.• A multivariate regression model showed that previous cardiovascular comorbidity and type of urinary diversion (i.e. ileal conduit or neobladder) were signifi cant factors for any and major complications. CONCLUSIONS• Surgical complication-related radical cystectomy is signifi cant and both previous cardiovascular comorbidity and the type of urinary diversion were found to be signifi cant factors for any and major complications.• The 90-day mortality rate was 2%, which is compatible with reports from Western high-volume centres.

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Orthotopic implantation of human bladder cancer cells into immunodeficient mice is an important tool for studying the biology and effects of therapy. Nevertheless, the incidence of tumor implantation and growth by transurethral instillation of the human bladder cancer cells into murine bladders has been low or not reproducible. However, using a modified intravesical technique and the human bladder cancer cell lines, KU -7 and UM -UC -2, we have been able to obtain a high and reproducible incidence of superficial bladder tumors. Furthermore, intravesical administration of the LacZ adenovirus vector resulted in significant -galactosidase expression in these bladder tumors as well as the normal urothelium, which was associated with the removal of the glycosoaminoglycan layer. Because this modified technique produces a high incidence of superficial human tumor growth and allows the efficacy of gene transfer to be evaluated, it should be a useful model for the study of intravesical gene therapy for human bladder cancer. Cancer Gene Therapy ( 2000 ) 7, 1575 ± 1580

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