DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) can be rejoined directly by the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway of repair. Nucleases and polymerases are required to promote accurate NHEJ when the terminal bases of the DSB are damaged. The same enzymes also participate in imprecise rejoining and joining of incompatible ends, important mutagenic events. Previous work has shown that the Pol X family polymerase Pol4 is required for some but not all NHEJ events that require gap filling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we systematically analyzed DSB end configurations and found that gaps on both strands and overhang polarity are the principal factors that determine whether a joint requires Pol4. DSBs with 3-overhangs and a gap on each strand strongly depended on Pol4 for repair, DSBs with 5-overhangs of the same sequence did not. Pol4 was not required when 3-overhangs contained a gap on only one strand, however. Pol4 was equally required at 3-overhangs of all lengths within the NHEJ-dependent range but was dispensable outside of this range, indicating that Pol4 is specific to NHEJ. Loss of Pol4 did not affect the rejoining of DSBs that utilized a recessed microhomology or DSBs bearing 5-hydroxyls but no gap. Finally, mammalian Pol X polymerases were able to differentially complement a pol4 mutation depending on the joint structure, demonstrating that these polymerases can participate in yeast NHEJ but with distinct properties.
Background. Women of reproductive age suffer from an endocrine disorder called Polycystic Ovarian Syndromes (PCOS). It is basically related to metabolic disorders along with reproductive dysfunction. About 50-70% of women having PCOS suffer from Insulin Resistance (IR) which causes metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, hypertension, along with intolerance of glucose. Another harmful effect that occurred by PCOS is Hyperinsulinemia. Aim. This research is performed to contrast the effects of Sub Maximal Aerobic training (AE) Training with the Flexibility Exercises amongst Young – PCOS Population. Methods-24 PCOS diagnosed women were chosen. Centred on convenience sampling ‘12’ were on the AE group and the remaining 10 were on the flexibility group. Before and the end of the study, ‘22’ samples were screened with the homeostasis models assessment (HOMA) (Insulin), Ferriman-gallwey score, along with BMI. 3-5 times per week, AE of running or jogging was rendered to one group and flexibility exercises were rendered to the other group for 8 weeks and also audio-visual material used for reference. Results and conclusion. In the AE group, a small variation in the Insulin Resistance (IR) (p value = 0.0435) can well be seen as of the outcomes' comparison. There is a considerable post-test difference in betwixt groups of HOMA-IR. Thus, to improve insulin sensitivity resistance, PA is recommended among the PCOS population.
Liquid sloshing is generally caused by external container excitation, and often has significant influence on the response of the container. The liquid sloshing generates significant localized pressure on the tank walls and roof inflicting damage to the constituent parts and in the worst case scenario leads to the complete structural failure. Baffles are used effectively to reduce the sloshing response of liquid in the liquid storage containers by destroying the continuity of the pressure distribution on the wall along the vertical direction. In this study, the damping effect of the horizontal baffles inside a liquid storage tank is investigated. The horizontal ring baffle wall located at two heights equal to 0.8 and 0.9 of the water height was used for the study. A parametric study showed that the ring baffles are effective in reducing the sloshing oscillations.
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