In this study, we use Okun's Law to examine whether growth has been jobless in seventeen MENA countries. The methods used are the ARDL approach for the individual country and the panel data analysis for the entire sample. The period considered in this study is from 1980 to 2013. To test for results robustness, we estimate the dynamic difference and three gap models based on three detrending techniques: the HP filter, the BK filter, and the quadratic trend. Our findings can be summarized as follows: First, the estimation results suggest that Okun's Law is valid, and hence job creation is associated with growth in only six of the seventeen countries, namely Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. Second, our results reveal that the valid estimates are, in general, bigger in Arab than non-Arab countries in the sample. Third, the CUSUM of squares test confirms that Okun's Law is stable in Algeria, Egypt, and Iran, unstable in Jordan, and ambiguous in Lebanon and Turkey. Fourth, our panel data analyses suggest that Okun's Law is valid for the entire MENA sample; however, our estimations reveal that the impact of GDP growth is weak on job creation in the region. Finally, our individual and panel estimations are not robust as they are sensitive to the choice of the estimation model and to the de-trending method.

Developing countries rely on imitation and innovation to boost their economic growth. The debate on innovation and imitation has been the focus of empirical research with the implementation of strengthening Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). This is because IPRs may affect developing countries in terms of employment and economic growth. Theoretical studies have proven the relationship, but empirical studies on this topic are scarce. Thus, this study aims to examine the effect IPRs on unemployment in selected developing economies. System-GMM estimator is adopted by utilizing panel data for a sample of 47 developing countries from 2008-2014. This study considers the direct effect of IPRs protection on unemployment. The empirical analysis shows that stronger IPRs protection escalates unemployment in these countries as evidenced by a positive and significant relationship between these variables. As most of the technology by developing countries rely on imitation activities thus, stronger IPRs protection increases unemployment and the effect of IPRs protection on unemployment are positive.