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Many systems for big data analytics employ a data flow abstraction to define parallel data processing tasks. In this setting, custom operations expressed as user-defined functions are very common. We address the problem of performing data flow optimization at this level of abstraction, where the semantics of operators are not known. Traditionally, query optimization is applied to queries with known algebraic semantics. In this work, we find that a handful of properties, rather than a full algebraic specification, suffice to establish reordering conditions for data processing operators. We show that these properties can be accurately estimated for black box operators by statically analyzing the general-purpose code of their user-defined functions.We design and implement an optimizer for parallel data flows that does not assume knowledge of semantics or algebraic properties of operators. Our evaluation confirms that the optimizer can apply common rewritings such as selection reordering, bushy joinorder enumeration, and limited forms of aggregation push-down, hence yielding similar rewriting power as modern relational DBMS optimizers. Moreover, it can optimize the operator order of nonrelational data flows, a unique feature among today's systems. 4. We design and implement a query optimizer for this setting. In particular, we present a novel plan enumeration algorithm that does not use algebraic properties. 5. We implement the above concepts in the Stratosphere system [4], and conduct an extensive experimental study.

a b s t r a c tRecent years have seen an increased interest in large-scale analytical data flows on nonrelational data. These data flows are compiled into execution graphs scheduled on large compute clusters. In many novel application areas the predominant building blocks of such data flows are user-defined predicates or functions (UDFs). However, the heavy use of UDFs is not well taken into account for data flow optimization in current systems.SOFA is a novel and extensible optimizer for UDF-heavy data flows. It builds on a concise set of properties for describing the semantics of Map/Reduce-style UDFs and a small set of rewrite rules, which use these properties to find a much larger number of semantically equivalent plan rewrites than possible with traditional techniques. A salient feature of our approach is extensibility: we arrange user-defined operators and their properties into a subsumption hierarchy, which considerably eases integration and optimization of new operators. We evaluate SOFA on a selection of UDF-heavy data flows from different domains and compare its performance to three other algorithms for data flow optimization. Our experiments reveal that SOFA finds efficient plans, outperforming the best plans found by its competitors by a factor of up to six.

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