BACKGROUND: Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a wild plant that grows in Indonesia and is considered a weed, but it has the highest antioxidant activity in the leaves and stems. Cigarette smoke is one of the exogenous free radicals that can enter blood circulation, interfering with all cells and tissues in the body, including reproductive organs. AIM: The research aims to examine the antioxidant effect of purslane leaf extract on oxidative stress levels (ovarian malondialdehyde [MDA] levels) and reproductive hormone levels (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and 17ß-estradiol) in female white rats exposed to cigarette smoke. METHODS: This study is an experimental study with randomized post only control group design, using 12-week-old female Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus weighing about 200–250 g divided into four treatment groups (n = 6). Negative control without exposure to cigarette smoke and purslane leaf extract (K), cigarette group with cigarette smoke 1 stick/day administration without purslane leaf extract (P1), purslane group with purslane leaf extract 200 mg/Kg BW without exposure to cigarette smoke (P2), and group the group with cigarette smoke 1 stick/day accompanied by purslane leaf extract 200 mg/Kg BW administration (P3). Ovarian MDA measurement measures MDA levels as an indicator of oxidative stress in the ovaries determined by the spectrophotometry method. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method measured the measurement of FSH and 17ß-estradiol levels in blood taken intracardially through the right ventricle of the heart. RESULTS: The results showed that purslane leaf extract at a 200 mg/Kg BW dose reduced ovarian MDA levels of female white rats exposed to cigarette smoke significantly with p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: However, there has been no significant change in FSH and 17ß-estradiol.
Background: Every day in the world, around 810 mothers have died from preventable causes. The causes of delay in maternal referral care were analyzed using the Three Delay Model (Thaddeus & Maine, 1994) and the determinants of maternal mortality (McCarthy & Maine, 1992). Purpose: To describe the factors that causing delays in seeking care for maternal referrals. Methods: This is a systematic review study of articles published between 2010 and 2020 based on database from ScienceDirect, Scopus, SageJournals, and Google Scholar. Nine articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included as samples for further review. The results regarding the factors causing late referral are described and explained in narrative form. Results: First delay (8 articles), Second delay (5 articles), Third delay (4 articles), mother’s education (6 articles), mother's income and occupations (2 articles), women's empowerment (6 articles), family status in society (4 articles), community status (3 articles), and cultural influences (7 articles) studies are acquired. Conclusions: The previous delay will affect the next delay and the problem of delay in seeking health care is in decision-making which mostly found in upper-middle countries, the causes of cultural factors which also causing the delay in referrals, followed by the socioeconomic influence that most widely discussed are maternal education and women's empowerment, the problem which is also most commonly found in upper-middle-income countries.
Cigarette smoke contains oxidants that generate the production of free radicals. Free radical is a form of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). However, an increase in ROS production will cause an imbalance between ROS and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress will induce lipid peroxidation, measurable by malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Anthocyanin is an exogenic antioxidant able to inhibit ROS. This study aimed to prove the effect of anthocyanin obtained from purple sweet potato to decrease MDA concentration in the cervix uterine of female rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to cigarette smoke. This study was an experimental study with a Randomized Post Test Only Control Group Design on 30 white female rats weighing 150-200 grams and aged 1.5-2 months, divided into 2 control groups and 3 treatment groups. One group was exposed to cigarette smoke (2 cigarettes/day) for 8 weeks without anthocyanine as the positive control group, and one group was not exposed to either cigarette smoke or anthocyanin as the negative control group. The 3 treatment groups received cigarette smoke exposure (2 cigarettes/day) and were given anthocyanin with a dosage of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 8 weeks. The concentration of cervical MDA was measured by the spectrophotometric method. The result showed a significant difference in MDA concentration between the positive control and the negative control groups with a P<0.05. There was no significant difference between the 20 and 40 mg/kg treated groups compared to the positive control group. The 80 mg/kg anthocyanin-treated group showed a significant difference in MDA cervix uterine concentration compared to the positive control group with a P<0.05.
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a wild plant that grows in Indonesia and is considered a weed, but the highest antioxidant activity was found in the leaves and stems. Cigarette smoke is one of the exogenous free radicals that can enter the blood circulation, so that it can interfere with all cells and tissues in the body, including the reproductive organs. The research that will be conducted is about the antioxidant effect of purslane leaf extract on oxidative stress levels, namely ovarian malondialdehyde levels and reproductive hormone levels, namely Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and 17ß-estradiol levels in female white rats exposed to cigarette smoke. This study is an experimental study with Randomized Post Test Only Control Group Design, using 24 female white rats aged 3 months weighing 200-250 g divided into 4 groups, namely the control group (K), the cigarette smoke group (P1), the purslane leaf extract group. (P2) and the group of cigarette smoke accompanied by purslane leaf extract (P3). Ovarian MDA measurement is a measurement of MDA levels as an indicator of oxidative stress in the ovaries determined by the spectrophotometry method. Measurement of FSH and 17ß-estradiol levels in blood taken intracardially through the right ventricle of the heart as measured by the ELISA method. The results showed that purslane leaf extract at a dose of 200mg/KgBW reduced ovarian MDA levels of female white rats exposed to cigarette smoke significantly with p-value <0.05. However, there has been no significant change in FSH and 17ß-estradiol. Keywords: purslane leaf extract, cigarette smoke, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, 17ß-estradiol, malondialdehyde, health risk
Highlight:High-calorie diet influence with interval restrictions combination on the reproductive cycle and weight of the uterus in mice were analyzed.Calories balance impact for female reproductive health. Abstract :Balanced calories affected for body health and daily activities. Lose of energy can disturb the health and daily activities, while over calorie for diets also causes disorders such as metabolic. When there are excess calories in the body will be involved. It can be an obesity risk, diabetes mellitus, fertility disorder, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, in women there can be an increase in menstrual disorders and fertility disorderrisk (Silvestris et al., 2018). This study aims to analyze high-calorie diet influence with interval restrictions combination on the reproductive cycle and weight of the uterus in mice. Experimental laboratory is a mouse (mus musculus) female’s balb/c as object population. Sampling techniques using probability sampling with simple random sampling type. The study results on fisher's exact test gave a result of p > 0.05 so there was no significant difference between control group, high calorie diet group, and high calorie diet with interval restrictions group on the results of vaginal swabs /post-treatment reproductive cycle. The study outcome on robust tests between control, high calorie diet, and high calorie diet with interval restrictions groups. Obtained results (p < 0.05) that mean there are some significant discrepancies in the weight of uterine organ between groups. Calories balance in the body can impact female reproductive health.
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