In conclusion, in RTR without life-threatening co-morbidities, the clinical course of dengue infection is mild, with good recovery and preserved renal function.

The results indicate the presence of FF residues in broiler meat and liver samples. Usage of this contaminated meat causes resistance in consumers and poses a public health threat. Thus there is a need to educate farmers about the ill effects of residual drugs on human health and their withdrawal times in poultry. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Organ transplantation under necessary concurrent immunosuppression contains a high risk of contracting tuberculosis (TB), and reactivation of dormant TB has been regarded as a predominant mode of acquisition. 1 Living in high endemic area renders these high-risk individuals of getting TB from community and hence it is one of the causes of late-onset TB. Treatment of drug-resistant TB has a longer course as compared to drug-sensitive TB and there are more chances of failure. 2 Pulmonary TB is the frequent site of involvement but extra pulmonary TB is also not rare affecting 16% of cases. 3 Drug toxicity and drug interactions with immunosuppressive agents may result in inadequate immunosuppressive levels that can lead to graft failure. 4 The following is a case series of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Transplant physicians and Infectious Diseases specialist managed the patients according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines with monthly follow-up of sputum culture and managed drug toxicities.

Introduction:Renal transplant recipients are at high risk of tuberculosis (TB). We started isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis of 1 year duration in all renal transplant recipients from April 2009. Our aim was to assess the incidence of TB on INH prophylaxis and its tolerability. Methods:This was a retrospective observational study. The files of renal transplant recipients from April 2009 to December 2011 were reviewed till June 2015. We noted the incidence of TB, INH tolerability, and development of resistance. We compared the incidence of TB with the historical controls who never received the prophylaxis.Results: A total of 910 patients were reviewed and followed up for 4.8 years. INH prophylaxis was completed by 825 (91%) patients. A total of 46 patients (5%) developed active TB as compared to 15% in the historical controls. The median time of TB diagnosis from transplantation was 2.8 years. In the first-year post transplant, out of total TB cases, 52% occurred in the historical controls whereas 13% occurred in study cohort.Around 67% had TB >2 years after transplant. Overall 1.43% had hepatotoxicity. There was a significant reduction in TB among those who completed prophylaxis to those who did not (p < 0.001). Of 14 cultures, one isolate was INH resistant (7%). Conclusion:INH prophylaxis was well tolerated. The incidence of TB decreased in the first 2 years. However there was a surge in TB cases 1 year after stopping INH therapy. We should consider prolonging the duration of INH prophylaxis in high TB burden countries in renal transplant recipients.

Background: Polymyxins (colistin) have emerged for the treatment of carbapenem resistant (CR) gramnegative infections. There is a paucity of data on treatment outcomes and adverse effects of high-dose colistin treatment in Pakistan. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and toxicity of colistin in CR bacteremia, including patients with renal failure and on hemodialysis, and to determine patient outcomes. Methods: This prospective cohort study was performed from May to December 2017 at Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan. Patients aged >18 years with documented gram-negative bacteremia were included. Data were compared between those who received colistin and those who did not, including risk factors for CR bacteremia, bacterial clearance, adverse effects, and all-cause mortality up to 14 days of follow-up. Results: The study included 137 patients, 73 (53.3%) in the colistin group and 64 (46.7%) in the noncolistin group. Patients in the colistin group were 1.47 times more likely to have died by day 14 of followup as compared to those in the non-colistin group (19.2% vs 7.8%; relative risk 1.47, p= 0.05). Patients in both groups achieved more than 80% bacteriological clearance. The colistin group patients were less likely to have received appropriate empirical antibiotics as compared to the non-colistin group patients (4.1% vs 62.5%; relative risk 0.09, p< 0.001). Factors significantly associated with mortality were inappropriate empirical antibiotics and acute renal failure. Of the 73 patients in the colistin group, 27 (37.0%) developed reversible neurological adverse effects. Patients with renal insufficiency, not on hemodialysis, were evaluated for colistin nephrotoxicity. Creatinine decreased from 8.08 mg/dl at baseline to 4.85 mg/dl on day 7 in the colistin group, and from 6.5 mg/dl to 3.9 mg/dl in the non-colistin group. Patients with normal renal function had no significant rise in serum creatinine. Conclusions: Colistin is efficacious in clearing bacteremia even in patients with impaired renal function. The adverse effects were found to be minimal and reversible. We recommend the use of colistin in combination with carbapenems for CR gram-negative bacteria in renal failure. Most importantly, however, this study highlights the role of empirical colistin treatment in patients with risk factors for CR bacteremia.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious and life-threatening disease. Transplant recipients are at increased risk of acquiring serious infections. The most common organisms causing IE in solid organ transplant recipients are reported to be gram positive. IE due to Gram-negative organism has rarely been reported. We report 2 cases of renal transplant recipients who met the Duke's criteria for IE due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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