Welding is a joining process that leads to considerable change in the local material and the formation of welding residual stresses (RS). Welding residual stresses can be compressive (beneficial for the fatigue life) or tensile (harmful for the fatigue life). In this chapter, a probabilistic analysis of residual stresses distribution posterior to welding processes is carried out. Several researchers stated that the type of the introduced stresses either compressive or tensile depends on several factors. Some of these factors are listed in this chapter. Welding of mega-structures is carried out in the workshops, then a cutting process takes place to construct the exact size of the structural components. This cutting process has a significant effect on the weld residual stresses re-distribution. A study of the re-distribution of the weld residual stress after cutting was performed. It was found that independent of the weld seam length, the residual stresses re-distributed up to 60 % of the weld seam length.
<p>Leirfjorden suspension bridge is currently under design. It spans over the 800 m wide Leirfjord and is to carry the national highway E6 in Norway. The initial tender design was completed in 2018. However, the project was stopped due to a lack of funding. In 2021 an aluminum concept was investigated. It was found feasible. However, the aluminum concept was not continued, mainly due to a lack of experience in using that material in a suspension bridge. During the following planning and geological testing, the rock conditions in the steep hillsides were poor. This resulted in moving the towers backwards to the top of the steep hillsides. Therefore, the bridge has relatively short towers located 62 m behind the abutments. This unusual design leads to compression in the first pairs of hangers, an increase in weak axis bending moment, and an increase in the girder end rotation. This paper presents solutions to tackle the above-mentioned challenges.</p>
Residual stress (RS) refers to the stress permanently present in structures without any external load. This stress can be introduced by different sources, for instance, weld, post‐weld treatment, etc. Weld is a joining process that is associated with intensive heating which leads to considerable change in local material microstructure and the formation of high residual stresses in the welded joint. Residual stress introduces a change in the stress ratio, which means a change in the characteristic of cyclic loading which can have a detrimental effect on the fatigue strength of welded joints. In this paper, an experimental and numerical study of weld residual stress through the thickness direction at the weld toe of transversal attachment made with S355 was investigated. It was found that weld induced compressive residual stress at the surface. In the case where weld induces compressive residual stress, the fatigue life is 4.5 times higher than the standard as‐welded S‐N curve (when tensile residual stress is introduced)
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