Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate Mg (NO3)2.6H2O, ammonia and distilled water were used for preparation magnesium oxide (MgO) via a precipitation method, where magnesium nitrate is used as a precursor, distilled water as a solvent and ammonia is used to maintain pH of the sample. The MgO was characterized by an X-ray diffractometer microscopy and a UV-Vis spectroscopy. In this study, The average particle size has been investigated by XRD spectroscopy, which came out to be 7 nm by using Scherrer’s equation. The samples had good crystallinity with a preferred orientation in the (222) direction. The energy band gap was estimated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, which is equal to be 4.8eV. As well as, in the present paper, the main goal for preparation Magnesium oxide is to study the antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide. Antibacterial was testing by analyzing the diameter of inhibition zone appeared in disk diffusion tests and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of samples dispersed in media. The results of bacterial sensitivity of nanoparticles vary depending on the type of bacteria E. coli and S. aureus, hence revealed the efficacy of magnesium oxide nanoparticles.
The divalent transition metal ions (Ni, Co, and Fe)-doped MgO nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction showed the MgO pure, single cubic phase of samples at 600 °C. Field emission electron microscope showed the uniform spherical shape of samples. The magnetic behavior of Ni, Co, Fe-doped MgO system were varied with Ni, Co, Fe content (0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07). The magnetic nature of pure had changed from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic. The number of oxygen vacancies increases with increasing amounts of dopant ions that lead to an ionic charge imbalance between Ni2+/Co2+/Fe2+ and Mg2+, leading to increase magnetic properties of the samples. The magnetic nature of prepared samples makes them suitable for biomedical applications. A comparative study of the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles against the Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) was performed by disc diffusion, pour plate techniques, and study surface morphology of untreated and treated bacterial cell wall. An investigation of the antibacterial activity of doped MgO nanoparticles reveals that the doped MgO nanoparticles show effective antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacterium. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the synthesized nanoparticles against microorganisms was recorded with 40 μg/ml, while the maximum inhibitory concentration was observed with 80 μg/ml. At a concentration of 80 μg/ml, the complete growth inhibition of the E. coli was achieved with 7% Co-doped MgO and 7% Fe-doped MgO, while bacterial growth of S. aureus was inhibited by 100% in the presence of 7% Fe-doped MgO. The present work is promising for using nanomaterials as a novel antibiotic instead of the conventional antibiotics for the treatment of infectious diseases which are caused by tested bacteria.
Nowadays, with the rapid development of electronic devices, it is increasingly important to enhance the electrical conductivity of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Thermal reduction (TR) temperature and time play the most crucial role as they control the electrical conductivity of rGO in terms of removal of oxygen-containing functional (OCF) groups. This work proposes a novel systematic approach for quick calibration of the OCF groups and lattice defects of GO to increase the conductivity by tuning the temperature and exposure time of the sample to the temperature. Single TR (STR) and double TR (DTR) processes were used in the current work, in which samples were exposed to temperatures of 500, 700, and 900 °C for 5 min. Further annealing took place for each sample at the same temperature with various reduction times. The results indicate that the DTR process improved the electrical conductivity of rGO samples. The highest enhancement of rGO500-5, rGO700-5, and rGO900-5 conductivities was 52.36%, 57.58%, and 231.81%, respectively. Consequently, this material can be used as a filler to get a well dispersed nanocomposite by accurate addition of rGO in a matrix, which enhances its electrical properties. Based on x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electrical analyses, the plausible STR and DTR mechanism of GO to rGO is effectively proposed.
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