Recently, liquefaction of biomass in subcritical water to convert it into value-added substances has been broadly attracting attention. However, there is a gap in literature about the levulinic acid, which is a high worth substance, production from biomass using subcritical water. As a green chemistry approach, decomposition of biomass could be Yüksel Özşen SubBio2Chem reaction pathway of cellulose was proposed. The significance of the interaction indicated that, applied voltage had major impact on cellulose hydrolysis. Maximum cellulose conversion (82%) was achieved at 230 • C and 180 min of reaction time in 25 mM of H 2 SO 4. Application of 8.0 V of applied voltage to the reaction medium at reaction temperature of 230 • C increased the TOC conversion (50.3%) with acid concentration of 25 mM in comparison with current-free experiments. Thus, the idea of electrochemically generated acid layer due to the dissociation of water around anode is supported. As future perspective, the output of the study gave an idea about converting cellulose and various biomass wastes, which may have high cellulose, content and led the way in obtaining valuable chemicals from no utilized real biomass sources such as hazelnut shell waste. The studies with other biomasses are undergoing.
Hazelnut shell is the primary byproduct of hazelnut industry which has the potential source of antioxidants, and phenolics with interest of pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. The main goal of this study is to determine effects of extraction method, extraction time, solvent type, solid to liquid ratio, and particle size on extraction yield, antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic content of waste hazelnut shell. The highest extraction yield was found as 15.4% by using methanol as solvent, in combined extraction for 16 h total extraction time. As for the best antioxidant capacity, 0.0508 mg TE mL-1 was observed by using methanol as a solvent in ultrasonic extraction, whereas the highest phenolic content was found as 0.188 mg GAE mL-1 by Soxhlet extraction with acetone for 8 h. After extraction of hazelnut shell waste, major components were found as oleic and palmitic acids for all solvent types according to GC-MS results.
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is highly dangerous for land and aquatic environments because of its high phenolic content, acidity, and salinity. Hence, hydrothermal degradation of OMW in subcritical water medium with and without using external oxidizer (H 2 O 2) was studied to decrease its total organic carbon (TOC), total phenolic content (TPC), and color. Effects of reaction temperature (150°C-250°C), reaction time (30-120 min), and H 2 O 2 content (0-100 mM) on TOC and TPC of OMW were investigated. Box-Behnken-type experimental design and statistical analysis (analysis of variance) were practiced by Design Expert 11. According to statistical analysis, effect of reaction temperature significantly affected TOC removal efficiency. The best TOC reduction (31.65%) was achieved without using H 2 O 2 at 250°C for 120 min.
Extraction Phenolic compound Oleuropein Olive leaf SoxhletSince oleuropein has long been known in the health sector and is abundant directly in our country as the fourth largest olive producer, oleuropein, the predominant phenolic ingredient in olive leaves, was recovered in this study using Soxhlet extraction. The effects of different solvent types (acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, and water), extraction period (4 cycles, 4 h, and 8 h), particle size (250-500 µm and 900-2000 µm), and pretreatment of olive leaves on the yield of oleuropein were examined to determine the maximum yield. A greater oleuropein yield was obtained when the particle size of olive leaves utilized for extraction was lowered. Furthermore, aqueous solvents revealed a higher yield of oleuropein than pure solvents and prolonging the extraction duration resulted in a significant increase in the amount of oleuropein extracted. On the other hand, pretreatment of olive leaves resulted in a reduction in oleuropein output. As a result, with 36% extraction efficiency in terms of olive leaf conversion, the highest oleuropein extraction yield was obtained as 13.35 mg g -1 dry leaf for 8 h of extraction time using olive leaves with a particle size of 250-500 µm and an 80% methanol solution as solvent.
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