Efficient institutional structure resolves the uncertainties in the market and the problem of asymmetric information, and thus creates a positive exogeneity, ensures the efficient distribution of the resources and makes a positive impact on the functioning of the economy. In addition to this, especially rule of law forms the basis of the socioeconomic development. In the presence of the factors such as prevention of corruption and freedom of expression, institutional structure has a significant impact on economic growth. However, there are empirical studies that state that institutional efficiency boosts economic growth in developed countries, whereas it doesn't have an impact or has a negative impact on economic growth in developing countries. For all these reasons, the impact of institutional efficiency on economic growth in developed, developing and underdeveloped countries will be analyzed in this study. In this study, the effect of institutional effectiveness on economic growth has been analyzed in both three country groups from 2002 to 2015 by using GMM. Dependent variable is GDP and the independent variables are institutional variables (rule of law, fight against corruption, voice and accountability). Based on our primitive findings we expect that developed institutions effect economic growth positively in develop countries unlike developing countries.
The study aims to search the effects of internet usage on the environment degradation in relation to technological revolutions. In this respect, G-7 countries are selected as the sample group. The link between environmental degradation and internet use in G7 countries is examined for the period from 1990 to 2015 with using panel data methodology by using AMG (Augmented Mean Group) estimator and heterogeneous panel causality. As a result of the panel results; it is found that the impact of internet usage on environmental degradations is negative. In addition, energy use and GDP per capita increase environmental degradations as trade openness and financial development impact on environmental degradations is meaningless. According to the panel causality analysis, the existence of a bidirectional causality relationship between energy use, internet use and ecological footprint. In additions, one-way causality relationship between GDP, trade, financial development index and ecological footprint is obtained.
There are two major hypotheses about the dynamics of unemployment in the literature: (i) natural rate of employment hypothesis, (ii) unemployment hysteresis hypothesis. The natural rate of employment hypothesis (NAIRU) implies a stable relationship between unemployment and business cycles in the long run. This means economic shocks arising in the business cycle creates a temporary imbalance in the unemployment rate. In other words, after an economic shock, the unemployment rate will return to long-term equilibrium level. In contrary to this argument, according to unemployment hysteresis hypothesis, unemployment move away from equilibrium state due to economic shocks and this state continues in the long run. The persistent imbalance means that unemployment have mean-deviation in the long run. As econometric approach, the unemployment series have an unstable trend. If unemployment rate is stable in the long run, the hysteresis effect becomes not valid. That is why the relationship between unemployment rate and business cycle will be the main issue of this study. According to that the hysteresis effect on unemployment rate in OECD countries has been analyzed. In this research the hysteresis effect on unemployment for women and men has also been separately examined. Thus, the research would allow us to distinguish and compare the gender differentiation within the OECD countries. The models have been estimated using yearly unemployment rate data from 1991 to 2014 for OECD countries and obtained from ILO statistics. Within the mentioned context above, Hysteresis effect has been analyzed with Panel Unit Root Tests, which both allowing and not allowing structural breaks. It is expected that the hysteresis effect on unemployment differs in terms of both gender and country level.
Teknolojik gelişme, çevre açısından hem avantajlı hem de dezavantajlı bir etkiye sahiptir. Teknolojik gelişmenin en önemli etkilerden biri ise temiz enerji bilincidir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de alternatif ve nükleer enerji ile patent uygulamalarının çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktır. Buna ek olarak, kişi başına düşen reel GSYİH'nın karbon emisyonu üzerindeki doğrusal etkilerinin yanı sıra, parabolik ilişkiler de 1990-2014 dönemi için test edilmiştir. Bu amaçla ARDL sınır testi uygulanarak değişkenler arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisi araştırılmakta ve VECM Granger nedensellik analizi kullanılarak nedensellik bağı incelenmektedir. ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımından elde edilen ampirik sonuçlar, teknolojik gelişmenin karbon emisyonu ile pozitif ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak, temiz enerjinin karbon emisyonları ile negatif bir ilişkisi vardır. Yani, temiz enerjinin uzun vadede kişi başına düşen karbon emisyonlarındaki etkisi teknolojik gelişmelerin etkisinden daha fazladır. Öte yandan, teknolojik gelişme ve temiz enerji negatif (sırasıyla -0.114 ve -0.190) ve kısa vadede karbon emisyonu üzerinde istatistiksel olarak % 1 güven düzeyinde anlamlılığa sahiptir. Ayrıca, kısa ve uzun dönem sonuçlarına göre Türkiye'de EKC eğrisinin ampirik varlığı, elde edilen 11.998 (sabit 2010 ABD Doları) olan gelir dönüm noktası ile desteklenmektedir. VECM Granger nedensellik analizi, teknolojik gelişmeden karbon emisyonuna ve kişi başına reel GSYİH'ya kısa dönemde tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Uzun dönemde ise karbon emisyonu başına reel GSYİH'ye, teknolojik gelişmeye ve temiz enerjiye neden olmaktadır.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.