Peptic ulcer disease including both gastric and duodenal ulcer form a substantial part of patients seeking surgical opinion world-wide. The concept of acid in peptic ulcer disease, which was the basis of treatment of peptic ulcer was revolutionized by the discovery of H2-receptor antagonists, that led to the principle of acid suppression therapy for duodenal ulcer which followed decades of preference for surgical interventions in the form of gastric resections, vagotomy etc., After the discovery of Helicobacter pylori organism as the causative factor a triple drug regime was identified to treat peptic disease which was further modified to sequential therapy to avoid antibiotic resistance. This recognition has not concluded the chapter on peptic ulcers. The management of ulcer disease and its complications remain a surgical challenge. All the materials for this review have been accessed from various internet search engines. The references have been narrowed down to 34 by excluding cross references, duplicated citations, pediatric studies, case reports, iatrogenic and malignant perforations and including microbiological, immunohistochemistry references and studies with more than a sample size of ten. Case control, cohort studies, prospective/retrospective, metaanalytical studies were preferred in that order. This article attempts to take an overview of all aspects of the management of peptic ulcer.
Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis (ISC) is a rare benign condition which presents with multiple, asymptomatic, and painless nodules on the scrotal skin wall. The lesions have been attributed as sebaceous cysts, calcified steatocystoma, fibroma, atheroma, and xanthoma. Shapiro et al. reviewed the histologic data and found no evidence of an epithelial lining, residual cysts, and lipid or organisms, and concluded that the calcification was idiopathic introducing the term "idiopathic scrotal calcinosis." We have studied four cases of idiopathic scrotal calcinosis, one of which had scrotal calcinosis involving the whole of the scrotum. He presented with painless multiple nodules over the scrotum. He was subjected for surgery with SOS skin grafting, but as the scrotal skin is so lax, primary closure is easily possible. In all our four cases, primary closure was easily possible.
Keywords Calcinosis . Inclusion cyst . Scrotal swellings
Case HistoryA 40-year-old male came in surgery OPD for multiple painless nodules involving the whole of the scrotum (Fig. 1). All routine investigations including HIV and VDRL were done which were normal. He was posted for in toto excision with skin grafting, but surprisingly, primary closure was possible and his postoperative recovery was very good (Fig. 2). The specimen was sent for histopathology which was suggestive of calcinosis of the scrotum (Fig. 3).
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