One of the greenhouse gases, which is the cause of climate change and global warming is methane gas (CH4). One of the most significant sources of methane that contributes to emissions globally is landfills (anthropogenic sources). Methane emissions from waste are the result of the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in waste. The more garbage in the landfill without further treatment can lead to greater methane emissions. The site of this study was a municipal solid waste in Makassar city, named Tamangapa landfill, ±15 km from downtown Makassar city. The objectives of this study are to estimate methane emissions in the Tamangapa landfill and estimate methane emissions from the Tamangapa landfill over the next ten years using the 2006 IPCC Waste Model. The results showed that the waste generation in Makassar City, in 2016, was 0.449 kg/person/day with the composition of waste dominated by organic waste. The value of potential methane emissions at TPA Tamangapa Makassar in 2016 is 2.24 Gg/year and the projection in 2026 is 4.968 Gg/year. The mitigation and adaptation efforts that can be recommended are the socialization of 3R techniques (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) and construct a sanitary landfill in Makassar city following the mandate of Law No. 18 of 2008.
Biogas energy can be obtained from waste of domestic, sewage, cattle, market, food industry etc. Banana peels contain chemical compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose which contain acidic organic compounds that can be used as substrate for biogas production. Purposes of this study are to analyse the characteristics, the composition and the production cost of biogas made of mixtures of banana peel and livestock manure. The study used 6 biogas reactors where each reactor has 19 L capacity with ratio of 1:2.5 for solid and wastewater. The result shows that reactor E2, containing 7.1% of cow and chicken manure and 14.3% of banana peel, produced the highest rate of biogas (91.4%) when compared to other reactors. E4 reactor produced 209 ml of biogas as effective composition, consisting of 2.4% of cow manure, 7.15% of chicken manure, and 19.0% of banana peel. In terms of production cost, E2 reactors have the most effective composition, with the ability to produce 0,000174 m3 of methane by Rp. 5,747 per kg. Biogas made of organic material and livestock manure is relatively less expensive compared to 3 kg of LPG gas with a price of Rp. 18,000. E4 reactor biogas could produce 209 ml with a composition of 357 g of cow manure, 1,071 g of chicken manure, 2850 g of banana peel, 5.355 l of water for livestock manure and 5.355 l of water for banana peel.
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