Road surface defects are crucial problems for safe and smooth traffic flow. Due to climate changes, low quality of construction material, large flow of traffic, and heavy vehicles, road surface anomalies are increasing rapidly. Detection and repairing of these defects are necessary for the safety of drivers, passengers, and vehicles from mechanical faults. In this modern era, autonomous vehicles are an active research area that controls itself with the help of in-vehicle sensors without human commands, especially after the emergence of deep learning (DNN) techniques. A combination of sensors and DNN techniques can be useful for unmanned vehicles for the perception of their surroundings for the detection of tracks and obstacles for smooth traveling based on the deployment of artificial intelligence in vehicles. One of the biggest challenges for autonomous vehicles is to avoid the critical road defects that may lead to dangerous situations. To solve the accident issues and share emergency information, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) introduced the concept of vehicular network termed as vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) for achieving security and safety in a traffic flow. A novel mechanism is proposed for the automatic detection of road anomalies by autonomous vehicles and providing road information to upcoming vehicles based on Edge AI and VANET. Road images captured via camera and deployment of the trained model for road anomaly detection in a vehicle could help to reduce the accident rate and risk of hazards on poor road conditions. The techniques Residual Convolutional Neural Network (ResNet-18) and Visual Geometry Group (VGG-11) are applied for the automatic detection and classification of the road with anomalies such as a pothole, bump, crack, and plain roads without anomalies using the dataset from different online sources. The results show that the applied models performed well than other techniques used for road anomalies identification.

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A wireless body area network is a collection of Internet of Things–based wearable heterogeneous computing devices primarily used in healthcare monitoring applications. A lot of research is in process to reduce the cost and increase efficiency in medical industry. Low power sensor nodes are often attached to high-risk patients for real-time remote monitoring. These sensors have limited resources such as storage capacity, battery life, computational power, and channel bandwidth. The current work proposes a multi-hop Priority-based Congestion-avoidance Routing Protocol using IoT based heterogeneous sensors for energy efficiency in wireless body area networks. The objective is to devise a routing protocol among sensor nodes such that it has minimum delay and higher throughput for emergency packets using IoT based sensor nodes, optimal energy consumption for longer network lifetime, and efficient scarce resource utilization. In our proposed work, data traffic is categorized into normal and emergency or life-critical data. For normal data traffic, next-hop selection will be selected based upon three parameters; residual energy, congestion on forwarder node, and signal-to-noise ratio of the path between source and forwarder node. We use the data aggregation and filtration technique to reduce the network traffic load and energy consumption. A priority-based routing scheme is also proposed for life-critical data to have less delay and greater throughput in emergency situations. Performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated with two cutting-edge routing techniques iM-SIMPLE and Optimized Cost Effective and Energy Efficient Routing. The proposed model outperforms in terms of network throughput, traffic load, energy consumption, and lifespan.

Research on wireless sensor network (WSN) has increased tremendously throughout the years. In WSN, sensor nodes are deployed to operate autonomously in remote environments. Depending on the network orientation, WSN can be of two types: flat network and hierarchical or cluster-based network. Various advantages of cluster-based WSN are energy efficiency, better network communication, efficient topology management, minimized delay, and so forth. Consequently, clustering has become a key research area in WSN. Different approaches for WSN, using cluster concepts, have been proposed. The objective of this paper is to review and analyze the latest prominent cluster-based WSN algorithms using various measurement parameters. In this paper, unique performance metrics are designed which efficiently evaluate prominent clustering schemes. Moreover, we also develop taxonomy for the classification of the clustering schemes. Based on performance metrics, quantitative and qualitative analyses are performed to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithms. Finally, we also put forward open research issues in the development of low cost, scalable, robust clustering schemes.

In the modern era business intelligence (BI) has a pivotal role in articulating a strategy and taking correct measures based on data. Business intelligence plays a pivotal role in an inevitable decision support system that enables the enterprise to perform analysis on data and throughout the process of business. Machine learning predicts the forecasting of future demands of the enterprises. Demand forecasting is one of the main decision-making tasks of enterprise. For demand forecasting first raw sales data is collected from the market, then according to data, the future sale/product demands are forecasted. This prediction is based on collected data that compiles through different sources. The machine learning engine executes data from different modules and determines the weekly, monthly, and quarterly demands of goods/commodities. In demand forecasting, its perfect accuracy is non-compromising, the more accurate system model is more efficient. Furthermore, we test the efficiency by comparing the predicted data with actual data and determine the percentage error. Simulation results show that after applying the purposed solution on real-time organization data, we get up to 92.38 % accuracies for the store in terms of intelligent demand forecasting. INDEX TERMS Business intelligence, demand forecasting, prediction, machine learning, AWS sage maker, sale forecasting.