Sesame flavour liquor is a traditional Chinese distilled spirit with fruity, sweaty, roasted sesame and floral aromas. High temperature Daqu production is one of the key processes in the formation of sesame flavour liquor. The composition and changes in the microbial community during the making of Daqu have a significant impact on the quality of Daqu liquor. In this study, microbial diversity based on high throughput sequencing technology was used to reveal the bacterial community structure and succession law in the four critical stages of high temperature Daqu production. The results show that Firmicutes had a significant advantage (76.7%‐98.2%) in the four stages as Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria reached peak values in the first and second periods, and decreased in the later periods. At the genus level, Kroppenstedtia, Lactobacillus, Weissella, Lentibacillus, Bacillus and Saccharopolyspora were detected as the main bacterial groups in the high temperature Daqu of Chinese sesame flavour liquor. The abundance of Lactobacillus and Weissella was greater than that of other microbes in the Daqu entry period. During the first Daqu flipping, the number of bacterial genera reached a peak in the production process. Then, the bacterial diversity continued to decrease until the last period, while Kroppenstedtia, Saccharopolyspora and Lentibacillus adapted to the high temperature environment and accumulated during the second Daqu flipping and the Daqu exit. This research used high throughput sequencing technology to reveal, for the first time, the bacterial composition and dynamic succession in high temperature Daqu production of Chinese sesame flavour liquor. This work will contribute to a deeper understanding of the correlation between the formation of flavour substances in sesame flavour liquor and the microorganisms used in its production. © 2019 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Supervised learning algorithms are a recent trend for the prediction of mechanical properties of concrete. This paper presents AdaBoost, random forest (RF), and decision tree (DT) models for predicting the compressive strength of concrete at high temperature, based on the experimental data of 207 tests. The cement content, water, fine and coarse aggregates, silica fume, nano silica, fly ash, super plasticizer, and temperature were used as inputs for the models’ development. The performance of the AdaBoost, RF, and DT models are assessed using statistical indices, including the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean squared error-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR), mean absolute percentage error, and relative root mean square error. The applications of the above-mentioned approach for predicting the compressive strength of concrete at high temperature are compared with each other, and also to the artificial neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system models described in the literature, to demonstrate the suitability of using the supervised learning methods for modeling to predict the compressive strength at high temperature. The results indicated a strong correlation between experimental and predicted values, with R2 above 0.9 and RSR lower than 0.5 during the learning and testing phases for the AdaBoost model. Moreover, the cement content in the mix was revealed as the most sensitive parameter by sensitivity analysis.

In the last decade, nanoparticles have provided numerous challenges in the field of science. The nanoparticles suspended in various base fluids can transform the flow of fluids and heat transfer characteristics. In this research work, the mathematical model is offered to present the 3D magnetohydrodynamics Darcy–Forchheimer couple stress nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretching sheet. Joule heating and viscous dissipation impacts are also discussed in this mathematical model. To examine the relaxation properties, the proposed model of Cattaneo–Christov is supposed. For the first time, the influence of temperature exponent is scrutinized via this research article. The designed system of partial differential equations (PDE’s) is transformed to set of ordinary differential equations (ODE’s) by using similarity transformations. The problem is solved analytically via homotopy analysis technique. Effects of dimensionless couple stress, magnetic field, ratio of rates, porosity, and coefficient of inertia parameters on the fluid flow in x- and y-directions have been examined in this work. The augmented ratio of rates parameter upsurges the velocity profile in the x-direction. The augmented magnetic field, porosity parameter, coefficient of inertia, and couple stress parameter diminishes the velocity field along the x-direction. The augmented magnetic field, porosity parameter, coefficient of inertia, ratio of rates parameter, and couple stress parameter reduces the velocity field along the y-axis. The influences of time relaxation, Prandtl number, and temperature exponent on temperature profile are also discussed. Additionally, the influences of thermophoresis parameter, Schmidt number, Brownian motion parameter, and temperature exponent on fluid concentration are explained in this work. For engineering interests, the impacts of parameters on skin friction and Nusselt number are accessible through tables.

Urban population growth and urbanization with its impact on urban planning require continuous research in order to address the challenges posed by transportation requirements. Identifying transportation capacity (road and railways) is an important task that can identify whether the network is capable of sustaining the present volume of traffic and whether it can handle the future intended traffic flow. A new city, XiongAn, will be built in the coming years in order to relieve the pressure of population on Beijing and disperse the economic growth, business activity, and opportunities across the country. The focus of this research is to generate a transportation model between Beijing and XiongAn, in order to increase connection and connectivity, reduce travel time, and increase transfer capacity between the two hubs (Beijing-XiongAn). The existing transportation network between two cities is analyzed and a network which can handle future demand has been proposed. The first stage has been the investigation of a variety of options using geographic information system (GIS). Planning and implementing a mass transit system requires choosing among options such as an existing intercity railway line, a new high-speed railway line, and/or motorway options. In the second phase of our analysis, we assess these options relative to multiple criteria, using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The options were evaluated using various criteria responsible for selection of alternative; it is found that travel time, cost of travel, safety, reliability, accessibility, and environment are key criteria for selecting the best alternative. The GIS and multicriteria analysis suggested that the best option is to build a new high speed railway line.

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This study describes the consequences of the ciliary motion on the transport of seminal liquid through the ductus efferentes of the male reproductive tract. By assuming the seminal liquid as a couple stress fluid, we have formulated a mathematical model for a two-dimensional flow through an axially symmetric tube whose inner surface is ciliated in the form of a metachronal wave. The governing system consists of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations which is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations by utilizing the long wavelength approximation in an environment of the inertia free flow. Exact solutions for the velocity distribution, the pressure gradient and the stream function are obtained in terms of the couple stress parameters and the ciliary metachronism. Special attention is given to the pumping and the trapping characteristics due to the cilia motility. The study reveals that the ciliary pumping has to be more efficient to transport a couple stress fluid as compared to a Newtonian fluid. Moreover, the theoretical results for the couple stress fluid are found to be in good agreement with those reported by [T. J. Lardner and W. J. Shack, Cilia transport, Bull. Math. Biophys. 34 (1972) 325–335]. The analytical results are also displayed in graphical form.

In this paper, He's variational iteration method is successfully employed to solve a nonlinear boundary value problem arising in the study of thin film flow of a third grade fluid down an inclined plane. For comparison, the same problem is solved by the Adomian decomposition method. The results show that the difference between the two solutions is negligible. The conclusion is that this technique may be considered an alternative and efficient method for finding approximate solutions of both linear and nonlinear boundary value problems. Furthermore, the variational iteration method has an advantage over the decomposition method in that it solves the nonlinear problems without using the Adomian polynomials.

The aim of this study is to explain theoretically the role of ciliary motion on the transport of epididymal fluid through the ductus efferentes of the male reproductive track. For this purpose, a mathematical model has been developed for the flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in an axisymmetric tube due to metachronal wave of cilia motion for the more realistic consequences. Carreau viscous fluid model is considered to see the rheological effects on the pumping characteristics of the flow. Regular perturbation method has been employed to obtain the analytical expressions for the stream function, the velocity field and a relation between the pressure difference and the volume flow rate. It is found that the volume flow rate is influenced significantly by Weissenberg number We and the cilia length parameter ε. The computational results are presented graphically to see the effects of various physical parameters. Finally, the analysis is applied and compared with the observed value of the flow rate of spermatic fluid in the ductus efferentes of the male reproductive track. The volume flow rate is reported closed to the estimated value 6 × 10-3 ml/h in the human ductus efferentes when We = 0.5 and ε is near by 0.25.