Given the low cost (approximately .20 dollars for a course of therapy) and technologic simplicity of the intervention and the effect size observed in this study, a clinical trial with increased numbers of subjects is indicated to evaluate the potential of topical therapy to reduce infections and save newborn lives in developing countries.
Patients with osteoporosis prescribed risedronate gastro-resistant had a lower incidence of fractures versus those prescribed other oral bisphosphonates. Administration of risedronate gastric-resistant does not require fasting, and this more convenient dosing administration may explain its improved efficacy. Purpose Up to half of patients do not follow complex dosing instructions of immediate-release bisphosphonates used for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures, which can result in suboptimal effectiveness. Risedronate gastro-resistant (GR) offers a more convenient dosing option by eliminating the need for fasting. This study compares fracture rates and outcomes between osteoporosis women treated with risedronate GR (GR cohort) versus other oral bisphosphonates (other cohort). Methods Claims from women with osteoporosis in the USA were analyzed. Patients were classified into the two cohorts based on the first oral bisphosphonate observed (index date) and matched 1:1 based on patient characteristics. Patients were observed for ≥ 2 years following the index date. Fracture rates, health care resource utilization and costs, and treatment persistence were compared. Results In total, 2,726 patients were selected in each cohort (median age: 60.0 years). The incidence of fractures was lower in the GR versus the other cohort for any fracture sites (incidence rate ratio, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.70-0.97) and spine fractures (0.71, 0.54-0.95), although the respective rate of medication discontinuation at 2 years was 80.5% and 74.4%. Time to first fracture was delayed for the GR cohort, reaching statistical significance after 36 months. The GR cohort incurred fewer hospitalizations (incidence rate per 1,000 patient-years: GR = 106.74; other = 124.20, p < 0.05) translating into lower hospitalization costs per patient per year
In 51 actively purging cholera patients the efficacy of doxycycline, a long-acting tetracycline, was compared with a placebo and tetracycline hydrochloride. Seventeen patients who were given doxycycline at the recommended dose of 2 mg/kg at the beginning of the study, at 12 h, and at the repeated dose once daily purged a mean volume of 5.1 liters of stool and received an average of 5.7 liters of intravenous fluid. Nineteen patients receiving the placebo purged 10.1 liters of stool and received 9.7 liters of fluid. Fifteen patients given tetracycline hydrochloride at 6-h intervals passed 4.8 liters of stool and received 5.5 liters of fluid. The durations of diarrhea calculated in 8-h periods were 3.5, 8.0, and 4.1 h in the respective groups receiving doxycycline, placebo, and tetracycline. The differences between the doxycycline and placebo treatments and the tetracycline and placebo treatments were statistically significant. Those receiving doxycycline became vibrio-free in about 3 days as compared with 2 days for those receiving tetracycline; the group given the placebo were vibrio positive for the duration of their hospitalization. The results show that in the treatment of cholera the administration of doxycycline once daily has effects equal to those when tetracycline is administered at 6-h intervals. This is a distinct advantage because it decreases the demand on nursing personnel in epidemics. Also, doxycycline may be safely administered in cases of suspected renal failure from prolonged shock in cholera.
The prevailing study is concerned with the Devonian succession exposed in the Khyber Agency, where outcrops extend North East-South West from kali shilman to bara fort in the study area and have been altered by hydrothermal fluids and magmatic intrusions. This research aims to understand the origin, diagenetic evolution, and sedimentary features of the dolomites that make up the Khyber limestone Formation. Field relationships, petrographic studies, and geochemical analyses helped in understanding the paragenetic history of carbonate rocks and their relationship to igneous intrusions. The phenomenon of fluid-rock interaction has received significant attention because hot fluids (hydrothermal) alter the composition of the host limestone in contact. A petrographic study demonstrated host limestone alteration, resulting in digenetic alteration and metamorphism. The formation of marble as a result of contact metamorphism has also been observed to act as a barrier against the host limestone being altered by dolomitizing fluids. Field observations, hand specimen examinations, and thin section studies show that the altered carbonate rocks are also extremely finely to moderately to coarsely crystalline. Five different types of dolomite rock textures are identified and categorized based on the distribution of crystal sizes and the shape of the crystal boundaries as "planer" and "nonplaner" dolomite. Planer dolomite crystals have straight boundaries and are further divided into euhedral (Dol-III) and subhedral (Dol-IV) textures, while nonplaner dolomite (Dol-I) crystals have arched, lobate, ridged, obscure, or otherwise irregular intercrystalline boundaries. Planar–euhedral dolomite (Dol-III) were made of fine to coarse dolomite crystals with dense cloudy euhedral rhombs while planner-subhedral dolomite have a unimodal mosaic structure and are subhedral to anhedral in shape with straight compromise boundaries and numerous crystal-face junctions. XRD analyses were done in order to determine the bulk mineralogy. Mostly dolomite and calcite were present along with different type of other minerals like a putoranite, manganocalcite, quartz and copper which can formed when a magmatic activity occur so because of some copper bearing fluids they were deposited. The C and O isotopic variations of ancient ocean water were used to reconstruct the paleotemperature history at the time these rocks were formed and led to the formation of saddle dolomite and considers as high temperature dolomite.
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