Transcription factors are gene regulators that activate or repress target genes. One family of the transcription factors that have been extensively studied for their crucial role in regulating gene network in the immune system is the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). IRFs possess a novel turn-helix turn motif that recognizes a specific DNA consensus found in the promoters of many genes that are involved in immune responses. IRF5, a member of IRFs has recently gained much attention for its role in regulating inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases. Here, we discuss the role of IRF5 in regulating immune cells functions and how the dysregulation of IRF5 contributes to the pathogenesis of immune disorders. We also review the latest findings of potential IRF5 inhibitors that modulate IRF5 activity in the effort of developing therapeutic approaches for treating inflammatory disorders.
The immune system consists of a dynamic network of cells, proteins, tissues, and organs that communicate to provide adequate defense responses against pathogenic agents. The immune system divide into the non-specific (innate) and the specific (adaptive) components, where the interactions between these two arms are intricately regulated. To deploy effective immune responses, immune systems comprise various cells and molecules that communicate with each other via signaling pathways coordinated by gene regulatory networks. The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are critical regulators of both the immune system’s development and activation of different cells. To better understand the essential components of the normal immune system, this review essentially aims to cover the current knowledge of individual components of the immune system and the important role of IRFs in regulating the immune system.
The main objective of this study is to showcase the use of synergistic utilization of model‐independent and model‐dependent approaches for analyzing small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) data to determine the shape and size of different nanostructures viz. spherical, nanorod, and core‐shell. Herein, different gold nanostructures viz. spherical, nanorod, and core‐shell are synthesized and analyzed using SAXS. First, the SAXS data are analyzed using Guinier law, PDDF (pair–distance distribution function) plots, double logarithmic plots, and electron density curves to get primary information about the size and shape of nanostructures. This information is utilized for choosing an appropriate model and initial input parameters for fitting the SAXS data. The observations obtained from SAXS studies are compared with transmission electron microscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy. It is believed that this study will help in understanding the analysis of SAXS data using a systematic and synergistic approach of utilizing the two methods. It is believed that the study will further add to the understanding of the technique as an alternative approach for transmission electron microscopy.
Jamming attack is main problem and this can affect the network by various ways. Sometimes jammer retransmits messages to create jam over network or sometimes jammers are radio jammer which disturbs communication by decreasing the signal to noise ratio. In previous researches various techniques are discussed to detect jamming. One way is to check the signal busy ratio. If channel is busy for long time that means there is a jam on network or it can be check by checking the threshold value. If threshold value exceeds up to some limit then there expect some jam on network. When the jam will detected then check will be performed on the node which will be creating jam. Node identity will be checked by calculating the distance and the message of that node will be checked to detect the retransmission and replays. If sequence number will same than attacker will be detected but if sequence number is different message content will be checked. To check the reason of retransmissions an additional message will be send to destination so that if re-transmissions are due to the network failure it can be detected.
Lentiviral transduction enables the generation of gain-of-function of a targeted gene in mammalian cells. Single-cell cloning through limiting dilution can establish a population of cells with homogenous transgene expression for exploring protein function. Here, we describe step by step optimized protocols for generating clonal stably expressing using crude lentiviral supernatant in Jurkat cells. Although the protocol is for general use, we will detail how to create stable cell lines based on Jurkat cells expressing IRF5 spliced isoform. These protocols will be broadly useful for researchers seeking to apply overexpression by viral transduction and generation of stable clone to study gene function in mammalian cells.
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