Semecarpus anacardium Linn. (Family: Anacardiaceae), commonly known ‘Ballataka’ or ‘Bhilwa’, has been used in various traditional system of medicines for various ailments since ancient times. Its nuts contain a variety of biologically active compounds such as biflavonoids, phenolic compounds, bhilawanols, minerals, vitamins and amino acids, which show various medicinal properties. The fruit and nut extract shows various activities like antiatherogenic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-reproductive, CNS stimulant, hypoglycemic, anticarcinogenic and hair growth promoter. The article reviews the various activities of the plant.
Topical drug delivery is mostly culled for the local dermatological action, but recently the new technologies are also enhancing its systemic effect. They are generally applied for the purpose as antiseptics, antifungal agents, skin emollients, and protectants. The activity of topical preparation confide in the various factors as drug solubility, its lipophilicity, contact time to skin, its permeability. Many widely used topical agents like ointments, creams, lotions, gel are associated with disadvantages like stability problems, stickiness and lesser spreading coefficient, irritation, allergic reactions, poor permeability, poor absorption and difficulty in absorption of large molecule, to rectify this the new concept of Emulgel has been introduced with the main objective to deliver hydrophobic drug molecule. Emulgel is oil in water or water in oil emulsion carrying drug to be incorporated in gel base to obtain gellified emulsion. Emulgel shows the controlled and better release effect of drug by virtue of combined effect of gel and emulsion with increased stability. Gel having various advantages as non greasy and favors good patient compliance in field of cosmetology and dermatology but are still limited to the deliver hydrophobic drugs. So the Emulgel comes to favour the hydrophobic drugs to give the advantages of gel. Emulgels have several advantages in the field of dermatology such as being thixotropic, greaseless, easily spreadable, easily removable, emollient, nonstaining, long shelf life, bio-friendly, transparent and pleasing appearance. Factors such as gelling agent, oil agent, emulsifiers influence the stability and efficacy of emulgel. So emulgels can be the better semisolid preparation than other conventional systems. At present the emulgel are being used for the delivery of analgesics, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-acne drugs and various cosmetic formulations with still wide range to explore.
Objective: The objective of the present work was to develop, characterize and evaluate the tioconazole loaded emulgel and to prove that emulgel can be the best alternative for delivery of hydrophobic drug topically.Methods: for the preparation of stable Emulgel, firstly gels were prepared using different polymers as carbopol 934 and xanthan gum, followed by preparation of emulsions and finally mixed together (table 1). Emulgel was evaluated for physical appearance, pH, spreadability, extrudability, viscosity, swelling index, dilution test, centrifuge test, drug content, in vitro release study, kinetic analysis of release data, antifungal activity and stability study for 3 mo. A comparative study was also performed between prepared emulgels with available marketed antifungal cream.Results: All evaluation parameters were in acceptable range with good physical appearance and the pH in the range of 5.5 to 6.8. The results show that the extrudability was in the range 15.63 to 35.27 g/cm 2 ; with spreadability in range of 6.6 to 8.833 cm. swelling index of F3 was seen a maximum in 3 h of about 75.13%. The viscosity was in the range of 15240 to 56340 cps at 10 RPM. During in vitro release of all formulations, F1 and F5 showed a maximum in vitro drug release of 59.11% and 55.11% respectively in 8 h. The kinetic analysis of fitting the data in different model shows that the best formulation of F1 fits in the Higuchi model with regression coefficient (R 2 ) of 0.998 and show non-fickian diffusion. The formulations were found stable. F1 and F5 provide a similar zone of inhibition like to market cream. Conclusion:Tioconazole emulgel provide the better platform for delivery of hydrophobic drug for topical route and so able to produce better patient compliance.
Oral administration is one of the most convenient forms for the intake of drug due to ease of administration, painless, versatility, and paramount patient compliance. The demand of fast disintegrating tablets has been growing, during the last decades especially for geriatric and pediatric patients due to dysphasia. So the new drug delivery known as orally disintegrating tablets came to existence. As nowadays most of the people need effective relief within a short period of time so sublingual is the most suitable form of administration. These tablets disintegrate and dissolve rapidly in saliva due to interaction with our salivary enzymes.
Oral controlled release and site specific drug delivery system has been of great interest in pharmaceutical field to achieve improved therapeutic advantage. Concept of novel drug delivery system arose to overcome certain aspect related to physicochemical properties of drug molecule and the related formulations. Gastro retentive drug delivery system is one of such novel approaches to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site specific drug release in the stomach for local or systemic effects. This approach is useful particularly for the drugs which have narrow absorption window in the upper part of gastro intestinal tract. In this review we have been discussed various approaches of gastro retentive drug delivery system, such as floating and non-floating systems.
In the present study we have formulated (f 1 to f 6 ) matrix tablets of Atenolol and Indapamide for the management of hypertension. As in simultaneous estimation of these drugs it was found that a confined release can be formulated. In the formulation of SR matrix tablet by using different concentration of delayed release agent DCP and pregelatinised starch as disintegrant we prepared tablets by wet granulation method. For sustained release action HPMC polymers were used for film coating. Preformulation studies were performed prior to compression. The compressed SR matrix tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration time and invitro drug release using USP dissolution apparatus type 2 (paddle). It was found that the optimized formulation showed 49.33%, 48.90%, 48.52%, 47.65%, 46.84% and 46.51% release for Atenolol in 12 hours respectively. However, Indapamide released 49.62%, 49.39%, 48.72%, 48.27%, 47.59% and 47.36% at the end of 12hrs. The IR spectrum study revealed that there is no disturbance in the principal peaks of pure drugs Atenolol and Indapamide. This confirms the integrity of pure drugs and no incompatibility of them with excipients. The stability studies were carried out for the optimized batch for one months and it showed satisfactory results. The kinetic studies of the formulations revealed that diffusion is the predominant mechanism of drug and release follows Zero order, Super case II transport.
The cost of bringing new chemical entity (NCE) is very expensive and long process and the chances of failure during clinical trials are very high. Inadequate pharmacokinetic data is the major problem and failure of new drug during clinical phase therefore in order to decrease drug failure rates preclinical studies such as and in vitro in vivo pharmacokinetic studies are being conducted. At present, most pharmaceutical companies perform and in vitro in vivo studies together with prediction softwares. The data obtained during preclinical phase helps in eliminating in silico weaker candidate and reduce attrition rate. The aim of this review is to focus on various methods employed during preclinical phase.
Rapid growth in the use of LC-MS/MS for the analysis of drugs in biological matrices has been compelled by the need for timely and high data at every stages in drug discovery and development process: from throughput screening of drug candidates and rapid data generation for pre clinical studies to almost 'real-time' analysis of clinical samples. A well developed bioanalytical development and its validation plays a pivotal role in achieving the goals. . The aim behind this review is to enlighten the need of validation which provide a practical approach for determining the different parameters like selectivity, specifity, limit of detection, lower limit of quantitation, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, recovery, stability, ruggedness, and robustness to help the perfect studies of pharmacokinetic, toxic kinetic, bioavailability and bioequivalence. Bio-analysis study is for the quantitative determination of drug and their metabolites in biological fluids. Accurate and robust methods for quantitative analysis of drug and their metabolites are important for the successful conduct of pre-clinical, bio-pharmaceutics and clinical pharmacology.
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