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Sporotrichosis is being increasingly reported from a particular area of Himachal Pradesh, a state in north-west India. A skin-test survey was conducted using sporotrichin and peptido-rhamnomannan antigen among the population in the villages where 2 or more cases of sporotrichosis had been reported and results were compared with those for villages of the same where no case of sporotrichosis had been reported. The study was helped by local doctors, leaders and patients who were cured of sporotrichosis. The delayed-hypersensitivity positivity rates were significantly higher in case villages (range 22.9-40.0%) compared to control area (range 6.5-7.6%). Analysis by age showed that positivity rate increased with increase in age for both sexes. Analysis by occupation showed higher skin-test positivity in populations engaged in horticulture, nursery work, gardening, woodwork (43.2%) and farming (33.9%). The case villages have lower temperature and higher rainfall than the control villages. During the 1-year study period (1996-97), 25 cases of sporotrichosis were diagnosed: 16 cases were referred by doctors from the local area and 9 were from cases suspected during the skin-test survey. This study identifies Kangra district and adjoining areas in Himachal Pradesh as an endemic region for sporotrichosis and highlights the need for evaluation of geo-climatically similar areas.

In developed countries, ecological restoration is a widely accepted practice to restore the productivity of degraded coal mine spoils and prevent mine‐degraded sites from acting as sources of pollution. During the past decade, ecologists realized the global need for ecological restoration, and the benefit of restoration is now assessed on the basis of ecosystem services that the restored lands can provide. In this article, the knowledge gap between crude reclamation and ecological restoration is examined, the steps crucial to ecological restoration in tropical conditions are identified, and simple guidelines are given for easy understanding. Restoration issues, such as modification of the forestry restoration approach, reestablishment of biodiversity, removal and reuse of topsoil during progressive and final stages of ecological restoration, drainage, promotion of a plant‐succession‐based approach, use of a grass–legume mixture as an initial colonizer, stabilization of steep slopes, and soil blanketing, are discussed. Those attributes of a degraded ecosystem that are responsible for the success of any restoration project are critically examined, and the opportunities provided by ecological restoration are explored.

purpose. To evaluate 12 patients with delayed or nonunion of bones treated with bone marrow injections. Methods. 6 men and 6 women aged 15 to 70 (mean, 45) years underwent bone marrow injections for delayed union (n=2) or atrophic non-union (n=10) of the ulna (n=6), femur (n=3), humerus (n=2), or metacarpal (n=1). Bone marrow was aspirated from the anterior iliac crest and injected to the delayed and non-union sites. Two injections were given for children and adolescents, and 3 for adults. The interval between the injections was 6 to 8 weeks. The amount of bone marrow injected was 30 to 40 ml for long bones and 20 ml for metacarpals. results. Ten of the 12 delayed or non-union of bones healed after bone marrow injections. The mean time for callus formation was 5.8 (range, 3-10) weeks, for clinical union was 7 (range, 4-12) weeks, and for radiological union was 16 (range, 10-24) weeks. conclusion. Multiple injections of low-volume bone marrow can be used for treatment of delayed or non-

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